Lesson 6 MY FIRST ANATOMY LESSON

The students of the first year begin to study anatomy. Anatomy is a very important subject for every veterinarian. A good specialist must know precisely where a certain inner organ of an animal is located. The quality of the treatment depends upon that.

First of all we study bones and the skeletal system. The skeleton of any mammal animal has a similar construction and the following basic parts: the skull, the spinal column or the spine with the adjoining bones of the chest (ribs and the breastbone), bones of the pelvis and extremities. The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx (tail bones). The vertebra is a small bone which is formed by the body and the arch. All vertebrae compose the spinal column. There are 34 or more vertebrae in the spine of an adult animal. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest ones in the spinal column. They have oval bodies.

The chest (thorax) is usually composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. Ribs form the basic part of the chest. On each side seven ribs are connected with the breastbone. The following three ribs are not connected with the breastbone. The eleventh and twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either. Each rib is composed of a head, neck and body.

The extremities may be divided in the thigh, leg and foot. There are fore and hind extremities. The hind extremities are connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The fore extremities are connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments.

We have to know many anatomical terms. They were established at three Congresses of anatomists. In 1955 the International Congress in Paris established the universal anatomical terms that are collected in the list called “Paris Nomina Anatomica”. We shall study bones, muscles, the inner organs, blood vessels, organs of digestion and respiration and so on.

Задание 33. Прочтите и переведите вышеприведенный текст, выучите используемые слова:

bone - кость adult - взрослый

skull - череп cranial - черепной

facial - лицевой trunk - туловище

spinal column, spine – позвоночный столб

chest, thorax - грудная клетка neck - шея

rib - ребро breastbone -грудина

cervical - шейный thoracic - грудной

lumbar – поясничный sacral -крестцовый

vertebra (-ae) - позвонок (-и)

coccyx – копчик cartilage - хрящ

extremity – конечность

joint –сустав ligament – связка

forearm - предплечье shoulder girdle – плечевой пояс

Задание 34. Выполните следующие упражнения:

Упражнение 1. Поставьте предложения в Passive Simple Tenses:

1. Seven cervical vertebrae compose the cervical part of the spine. 2. Cranial and facial bones form the skull. 3. The pelvis connects the hind extremity with the trunk. 4. All the students attend the lectures in Anatomy 5. The breastbone connects some upper ribs. 6. The members of our student scientific society make these experiments.

Упражнение 2. Вставьте пропущенные слова:

1. The …. is the largest and longest bone in the body. 2. The skeleton of the head is called the …. 3. At the Anatomy class medical students study bones of the …..4. In the …. animal the bones of the extremities are larger than in the younger one.

Упражнение 3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Does the breastbone connect all the ribs of the chest? 2. Does the pulse become rapid or slow when one is running? 3. Does the patient gain or lose weight if he is seriously ill? 4. Did you learn all the anatomical terms of the skeleton? 5. Is the student’s hostel near or far from the main building of the Academy? 6. Has the body weight of the patient changed after his disease? 7. Was the treatment successful?

Упражнение 4. Поставьте предложения в отрицательной форме:

1. Professor continued his studies on muscles. 2. The bones of the skull adjoin to those of the shoulder girdle. 3 The hind extremities usually are greater than fore ones. 4. All the ribs are attached to the breastbone.5. Bones of the skull have many cartilages.

Упражнение 5. Переведите на английский:

1.Нам дали учебники по анатомии. 2.Преподавателю задали много вопросов. 3.Операция проводится известным хирургом. 4. Все кости скелета названы в анатомическом атласе. 5. Нас часто видят в библиотеке.6. Кости черепа плотно соединены.7.Позвоночный столб образован отдельными позвонками.

Задание 35. Прочитайте следующий диалог и на его основе составьте свои диалоги:

Ann. Hello, have you been yesterday in the dissecting-room?

Bill. Well, we have worked there till 6 o'clock in the afternoon.

Ann. And what did you do? - Bill. We prepared a corpse of the rat.

Ann. How did you like it?

Bill. It was necessary and besides very interesting. We could see all the inner organs of the rat.

Ann. Do you want to be a surgeon? - Bill. Really, it may be.

Lesson 7 LECTURE ON MUSCLEs

Yesterday the students of our group came to the Academy to listen to a lecture on muscles. The lecture was attended by all of us. The lecture was delivered by Prof. Smirnov. To listen to it was very interesting. Prof. Smirnov was the first to tell us about the anatomical significance of the muscles in the body. In his lecture he said that the body of an animal was composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. The students learned that in the adult mammals about 35-40% (per cent) of the body weight was formed by the muscles. According with the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles were divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities.

When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the form of the muscles he said that all the muscles were divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles; the free extremities were formed by the long muscles; wide muscles lay on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities were formed by wide muscles. Some muscles were named according to the structure of their fibers, for example, radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example, extensors (разгибающие мышцы) or according to their direction, for example, oblique (косая).

When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the structure of the muscles he said that the muscles were formed by a mass of muscle cells, the muscular fibers were connected together by connective tissue, the blood vessels and the nerves were in the muscles.

The great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the functions of the muscles. Three basic methods of study were used: the experimental work on animals, the study of the muscles on a living human body and on the corpse. This work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion and contraction.

Vocabulary List

muscle [mAsl] n – мышца direction n – направление, указание

radiated muscle – веерообразная мышца tissue[‘tisju:] n – ткань

establish v – устанавливать connective tissue – cоединительная ткань

introduce v – вводить vessel n – сосуд

change v – менять, n изменение find (found) v – находить, считать

weight n – вес find out – обнаруживать

divide v – делить, разделять determine[d’tэ;min] v – определять

wide a – широкий сontraction n – сокращение, сжатие

Задание 36. Прочтите и переведите текст и следующие словосочетания:

1. the contraction of muscles; 2. the blood vessel wall; 3. the body weight; 4. connective tissue cells; 5. to determine the blood group; 6. a rapid change.

Задание 37. 1. Прочтите текст “ Lecture on Muscles. 2. Напишите план текста. 3. Найдитe: а) инфинитивы, определите их функции и переведите предложения; б) предложения на правила согласования времен и переведите их:

Упражнение 1. В следующих предложениях отметьте инфинитив в различных функциях. Переведите:

1. He can perform this operation in the morning. 2. My friend was the last to come to the lecture. 3. He wants to determine the direction of muscular fibers. 4. Microbiology is one of the most interesting subjects to study.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на отрицательный смысл перевода глагола “to fail”:

1. The researcher failedto draw any conclusion from his numerous experiments. 2. The X-ray examination failedto prove the consolidation in the lung. 3. Nobody failed(at) the examination in Physiology. 4. Sometimes in the man with impaired health phagocytes fail todestroy the invading microorganisms. 5. He failedin Biochemistry as he had not paid enough attention to this subject.

Lesson 8 THE FROG

The frog is a very common amphibian living in swamps, near ponds, lakes, and streams of fresh water. It has a short and rather wide trunk, two forelegs, two hind legs, and an angular flattened head with bulging eyes. In a sitting posture the body rests on the folded hind legs and the extended forelegs. From this position a sudden extension of the hind legs sends up the animal through the air in a leap. The frog moves on land by leaps, it swims in water by means of strokes of its hind legs. The hind foot has five elongated toes connected by membrane, and each forefoot has four toes and a very rudimentary thumb.

There are several varieties of frogs differing from one another in color. The upper side of the head and body and the upper sides of the legs are mostly of brown or green color, while the throat, the belly and the inner sides of the legs are whitish. The skin of the frog is smooth and clammy.

The eyes are prominent structures at the sides of the head. A live frog at rest exhibits pulsating movements in the region of the throat which are concerned with respiration. On the dorsal side of the snout are located two external openings (nostrils) leading to respiratory and olfactory passages through which air gets into the oral cavity and than to the lungs.

The most remarkable structure in the frog is its tongue. Live insects and worms form the principal food of the frog. The tongue is coated with a glutinous substance. The frog catches insects rapidly extending its long forked tongue and then retracting it with the prey. Then the food moistened by the saliva is swallowed passing down the wide esophagus to the stomach and intestines where the process of digestion takes place.

Задание 38. Прочтите и переведите вышеприведенный текст, обращая внимание на необходимые слова и выражения.

common - обычный

swamp - болото, pond - пруд

angular - угловатый, trunk - туловище

forelegs, hind legs - передние ноги, задние ноги

toes - пальцы (на ногах), thumb – большой палец

sitting posture - сидячее положение leap - прыжок

elongated - удлиненный, folded - складчатый

throat - горло, belly - живот

smooth - гладкий, clammy - липкий

snout - рыло (у животного передняя часть головы)

nostrils - ноздри olfactory organs - органы обоняния

forked tongue - раздвоенный язык prey - добыча

Задание 39. Обратите внимание на образование форм герундия, запомните эти слова:

to swallow - swallowing to vomit - vomiting

to bleed - bleeding to breath - breathing

to open – opening to extend - extending

Переведите: Bleeding from the lungs may be fatal. Vomiting is a common symptom of the disease. The doctor listened to the breathing of the patient. The throat was sore and the swallowing was painful.

Задание 40. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What animal is the most common among amphibians? 2. How does the frog move on land and in the water? 3. How can you compare forelegs and hind legs of the frog? 4. Which respiratory organs has the frog? 5. What is a normal food of a frog? 6. By what means can the frog get its food? 7. What is the structure of its tongue? 8. How does the digestion of food in the frog occur?

Задание 41. Перескажите текст “The Frog” по-английски.

Lesson 9 THE FRACTURE

Задание 42. Повторите за преподавателем произношение следующих слов:

iguana, palpable, fracture, incision, trochanter, patella, fascia lata, chromic catgut, femur, mobile, radiograph, to dissect, muscle, segment, corneal reflex, adequately, to anesthetize, pre-anesthetize, postoperatively

Объясните по-русски значение вышеуказанных медицинских терминов.

Задание 43. Прочтите предложения, переведите их, объяснив грамматическое значение выделенных слов, найдите в каждом предложении подлежащее и сказуемое.

1) He took his sick dog to the clinic. The dog was presented for treatment.

2) The doctors applied a new medicine. It healed the patient quickly. The patient is healthy now.

3) The assistant moved the table from one room to another room.

4) The animal didn't move its leg. The leg was fractured.

5) The animal was operated. It was operated by the surgeon.

6) The surgeon makes operations. He repairs fractures.

7) The surgeon repairs bones when they are fractured.

8) Surgical treatment is given to animals with fractured bones.

9) The body is protected by the skin.

10) The surgeon makes an incision of the skin. The skin is incised over the fracture.

11) The incision extended from the trochanter to the patella.

12) The surgeon dissected the muscles.

13) Now the fracture was exposed.

14) After the proper treatment the animal recovered.

15) The recovery was complete. The animal was healthy.

16) The bones healed well. The animal is on the farm now.

17) The doctor gives another medicine to the patient. The doctor replaced the medicine.

Задание 44. Ответьте по-английски на вопрос: “Что мы делаем сейчас?”, используя форму Continuous.

Упражнение 1. Поставьте вопросы по-английски к следующим предложениям:

We are students. We usually passexams in January. It is January now. Now we are passing exams.

Еще раз обратите внимание на разницу в форме сказуемо­го и на сопутствующие обстоятельства времени.

Usually we pass exams in January. Now we are passing exams.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите следующие предложения и ответьте на вопрос: Когда происходит действие? Возможные варианты ответа:
1. обычно (usually); 2. в данный момент (now).

1) Usually the cattle recover from this common disease.

2) The veterinarians apply new methods of treatment.

3) This surgeon is dissecting the muscles now.

4) The animal is moving its leg.

5) The right leg is moving. It is not fractured.

6) The veterinarians use chromic catgut in operations.

7) The radiograph shows the fracture segments of the femur.

8) The assistant is showing the radiograph to the doctor.

Обратите внимание на выделенные слова в упражнении 2 и

переведите эти сказуемые, а затем и всё предложение.

Итак, Вы видите, что если действие происходит в данный момент, сказуемое состоит из вспомогательного глагола «to be» в соответствующем лице и -ing-овой формы смыслового глагола.

Задание 45. Повторите тему “Continuous”.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова в этом упражнении и переведите предложения:

1) I am a student. Now I am finishing my practical work in anatomy.

2) He is a surgeon. Now he is examining his patient.

3) She is a teacher. She is giving a lesson now.

4) It is a dog. Now it is taking its feed.

5) We are at the library now. We are preparing for our exams.

6) You are at the clinic now. You are administering penicillin to a sick animal.

7)They are scientists. They are studying a new problem now.

Упражнение 4. Закончите предложения, подобрав нужный вариант из правого столбца:

Usually the surgeons is improving his English.

Now the student leave the hostel at 8 o'clock.

Usually I are studying an interesting problem.

Now our students receive patients in the clinic.

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