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THEME I. INTRODUCTORY COURSEСтр 1 из 6Следующая ⇒ THEME I. INTRODUCTORY COURSE ТЕМА I. ВВОДНО-КОРРЕКТИВНЫЙ КУРС
Unit 1. Acquaintance Знакомство TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. Welcome! 1. Добро пожаловать! 2. How do you do? 2. Здравствуйте! 3. Hello! Hi! 3. Здравствуйте! Привет! 4. Good morning! 4. Доброе утро! 5. Good afternoon! 5. Добрый день! 6. Good evening! 6. Добрый вечер! 7. Good - bye! Bye-bye! 7. До свидания! Пока! 8. See you soon! 8. До скорого! 9. So long! 9. Пока! До встречи! 10. Good luck! 10. Удачи! 11. All the best! 11. Всего хорошего! 12. Give my regards to your sister! 12. Передавай привет сестре! 13. Let me introduce myself. 13. Разрешите представиться. 14. Meet Mr. N. 14. Познакомьтесь м-р N. 15. Pleased to meet you! 15. Рад (а) с вами познакомиться. 16. So am I. 16. Я тоже. 17. Me too. 17. Я тоже. 18. How are you (getting on)? 18. Как поживаешь? 19. How are your parents? 19. Как поживают ваши родители? 20. How is your mother (friend)? 20. Как поживает ваша мама (друг)? 21. How are your studies? 21. Как учеба? 22. Quite well, thank you. 22. Хорошо, благодарю. 23. Fine, thanks. 23. Прекрасно, спасибо. 24. Not very well. 24. Не очень хорошо. 25. So-so! 25. Так себе. 26. How was your flight? 26. Как долетели? 27. Not too bad, but it was 27. Неплохо, но мы опоздали на two hours late. 2 часа. 28. Did you have a good trip? 28. Вы хорошо доехали? 29. I’ll give you a ring. 29. Я Вам позвоню. 30. I must be off. 30. Мне пора идти.
Exercise 1. Translate the conversations. Conversation 1. A: May I introduce my friend N. to you? B: Pleased to meet you. A: So am I. B: Let me introduce myself. I’m Fred Andrews. A: Pleased to meet you.
Conversation 2. Mary: Hello, Dan. Dan: Hi, Mary. Mary: How are you? Dan: Fine, thanks. And you? Mary: I’m fine. Dan: Well, here’s my bus, bye Mary. Mary: Goodbye, see you.
Exercise 2. Put this conversation in the right order. • Hi, Tom. How are you? • Oh, I’m sorry to hear that. • Hello, Mary. • Fine, thanks. And you? • Not bad – but my daughter’s not well today.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using topical vocabulary. 1. ________to our country. 2. May I ________you to my boss? 3. Did you have a good trip?_______thank you. 4. ______do you______? 5. Did you have a nice ______? 6. ______me. Are you John Jones? 7. What’s your ______? – Erica Kotz.
Exercise 4. Put the words in the right order. 1. do | how | do| you 2. to| factory | welcome | the 3. Jim | is | this 4. Jeremy | please | me | call 5. too | pleased | to | I’m | you | meet 6. a | you | journey | have | did | good 7. you | like | would | coffee 8. lawyer | I | my | may | to | you | introduce 9. Simon | me | Hardy | you | excuse | are
Exercise 5. Choose the right answer. 1. How do you do? a) Very well. b) I’m fine, thank you. c) How do you do?
2. Excuse me, are you Fred Andrews? a) No. b) Yes, I am. c) My name is Alex Walter.
3. Please call me Mark. a) OK. b) Certainly, do call me Sheila. c) My name’s Mr. Jones.
4. May I Introduce you to Mrs. Melly? a) Hello. b) How do you do? c) Pleased to meet you.
Mr - to a man . Mrs - to married woman. Miss shows that she is unmarried. Ms shows only that she is a woman.
Exercise 6. Answer. 1. Good afternoon. 2. Glad to see you. 3. Is your name Margaret? 4. What’s your name? 5. What is your first name? 6. What is your surname? 7. How do you do? 8. How are you? 9. Good-bye. 10. Did you have a nice trip? 11. Would you like some coffee?
Exercise 7. Make up your own conversation. Use topical vocabulary. Exercise 8. Fill in this table.
1. Could you tell me what it is about? 2. Would you mind waiting, Mr. Seed. 3. Would you like to take a seat? 4. Would you like some coffee while you’re waiting? 5. Could you tell me your name, please? 6. Do you have an appointment? 7. Please wait a minute. I’ll see if he’s free. 8. Can I take your coat? Exercise 9. Find out 10 words.
Exercise 11. Fill in suitable country and nationality.
Exercise 12. Look at the picture and answer the questions: Where’s she from? Where’s he from? 1. 4. 7. Exercise 13. Look at the picture and answer the question: What is the nationality? 1. 4. 7. 10. Exercise 14. Transport puzzle. The words in this puzzle are all means of transport. What are they?
Различия в написании 1. Слова с окончаниями –our пишутся без буквы u:
Англ. Амер. colour color labour labor honour honor neighbour neighbor harbour harbor 2. Окончание –re меняется на –er:
Англ. Амер. centre center litre liter fibre fiber
3. Окончание –ce в некоторых словах меняется на –se:
Англ. Амер. defence defense licence license practice practise
4. Буква s в некоторых словах меняется на букву z:
Англ. Амер. organisation organization analyse analyze
5. Некоторые слова теряют свои окончания:
Англ. Амер. dialogue dialog catalogue catalog programme program chegue check
6. Буква l в словах, производных от глаголов (travel, cancel, и т.д.), в американском варианте не удваивается (traveling, canceling b т.д.). Различия в лексике
Unit 2. My Biography Моя биография TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. to be born 1. родиться 2. full name 2. полное имя 3. make up one’s mind 3. принять решение 4. enter 4. поступать (в учебное заведение) 5. pass an exam 5. сдать экзамен 6. to be made up of 6. состоять из 7. educational program 7. учебная программа 8. general education 8. общее образование 9. professional education 9. профессиональное обучение 10. tourist manager 10. туристический менеджер 11.to graduate from 11.закончить (высш. уч. заведение) 12. guide 12. гид-экскурсовод 13. travel agency 13. туристическое агентство 14. term 14. срок обучения, семестр 15. тour operator15. туроператор 16. for some years16. в течение нескольких лет 17. Kazan State University 17. КГУ 18. elder brother 18. старший брат 19. to be unmarried 19. быть неженатым 20. to be married 20. быть женатым (замужем) Are you married? Вы женаты? Yes, I am. Да. No, I am not. I am single. Нет, я холост. 21. wife (pl. wives) 21. жена 22. a fourth year student 22. студент 4-го курса 23. Volga State Academy 23. Поволжская академия физкультуры, of the Physical Culture, спорта и туризма Sports and Tourism 24. he is six years older than I 24. он на 6 лет меня старше 25. accountant 25. бухглтер 26. husband 26. муж 27. son 27. сын 28. nephew 28. племянник 29. niece 29. племянница 30.Who is this? 30. Кто это? Как его зовут? 31. Who is she (he)? 31. Кто она (он)? Как ее (его) зовут? 32. What are you? 32. Кто Вы (по профессии)? What do you do? 33. What is your mother 33.Чем занимается ваша мама (father)? (отец)? INTRODUCTORY TEXT My Biography
My first name is Boris. My full name is Boris Smirnov. I am seventeen years old. I live in Kazan. I was born in 1995 in Bugulma in the family of the sportsmen. My father is a footballer. He played in football team “Rubin”. My mother is a tourist manager. She works in the travel agency. My parents have been married for 26 years. They have much in common. When I was in the eleventh form I made up my mind to enter the Volga State Academy of the Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism and become a tourist manager. The term of study lasts five years. Educational program is made up of general and professional subjects. We master fundamentals of the tourism. We study Culture, Foreign Language, History, Russian and others. My family is not large. I have a brother and a sister. My elder brother is ten years older than I. He is 27 years old. He graduated from Kazan State University. He is an accountant. He is married. His wife is a fourth-year student of the Teachers’ Training Institute. She has a great talent for languages. She speaks English very well and she knows French and German, too. My sister is 25 years old. She is an interpreter. She is single. I want to become a successful tourist manager. I’d like to get deep knowledge of tourism and learn foreign languages.
Compare I am seventeen. - I was born in 1995 in Bugulma. We are students of the Volga Region Academy of the Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism. – We were happy and friendly.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. establish – основывать, создавать, учреждать 2. heritage – наследство, наследие 3. set – набор, комплект 4. coach – инструктор, тренер 5. rehabilitation – реабилитация, восстановление здоровья 6. event – событие, соревнование по определенному виду спорта 7. complex – комплекс, совокупность, сложный, составной 8. facilities – возможности, благоприятные условия, оборудование facilities for study – благоприятные условия для учебы athletic facilities – спортивные сооружения mechanical facilities – технические приспособления 9. existing - существующий 10. artificial – искусственный 11. running track – беговая дорожка 12. agreement – договор, соглашение 13. several - несколько 14. graduate - выпускник 15. outstanding – выдающийся, знаменитый 16. participant - участник 17. forward - нападающий 18. in addition – в дополнение, кроме того INTRODUCTORY TEXT VOCABULARY EXERCISES
A B 1. coach a. событие 2. rehabilitation b. комплекс 3. event c. реабилитация 4. complex d. тренер 5. facilities e. возможности
TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. first year student - первокурсник 2. to come on time – приходить вовремя 3. break - перемена 4. to be over – заканчиваться the meeting is over – совещание закончилось it is all over – все кончено 5. early – рано 6. hostel - общежитие 7. tiring – изнурительный, утомительный 8. to require - требовать 9. to attend - посещать 10. scheduled classes – занятия по расписанию 11. subject - предмет 12. canteen - столовая 13. to prepare - готовиться 14. report – отчет, доклад 15. to be aware – знать, сознавать 16. achievements - достижения 17. field – область, сфера деятельности 18. to return – возвращаться 19. society – общество 20. foreign literature – иностранная литература 21. scientific - научный 22. research - исследование 23. it takes us – нам требуется INTRODUCTORY TEXT VOCABULARY EXERCISES A B 1.to require a. посещать 2. to attend b. приходить вовремя 3. to come on time c. требовать 4. to prepare d. готовиться 5. to get e. получать
A B 1.to begin a. to get 2. to get up b. to be up 3. to receive c. to wake up 4. to be over d. to start 5. to prepare e. to get ready for
Now write the questions. 1. What time / get up? What time do you get up? 2. What time /start lectures and classes? 3. What time / finish classes in the morning? 4. When / start seminars in the afternoon? 5. When / have dinner? 6. What / do in the evening?
What are the questions?
1. Carlos Pena. 2. Venezuela. 3. I’m an engineer. 4. Twenty-five. 5. One metre seventy-eight. 6. Two brothers and a sister. 7. No, I’m not. 8. In a small flat in Kazan. 9. I need to read it for my work. 10. No, but I can speak a little French. 11. I watch TV or I go out with friends. 12. No, I don’t, but I like dancing. 13. About twice a week.
Unit 5. Our English Lesson Урок английского языка
TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. popular 1. популярный 2. important 2. важный 3. language 3. язык 4. questions 4. вопросы 5. words 5. слова 6. expressions 6. выражения 7. blackboard 7. классная доска 8. mistakes 8. ошибки 9. patience 9. терпение 10. compulsory 10. обязательный 11. easy 11. легкий 12. long 12. длинный 13. slow 13. медленный 14. necessary 14. необходимый 15. secondary school 15. средняя школа 16. higher school 16. высшая школа 17. mutual understanding 17. взаимопонимание 18. widespread 18. широко распространенный 19. to compare 19. сравнивать 20. to repeat 20. повторять 21. to correct 21. исправлять 22. to retell 22. пересказывать 23. to communicate 23. общаться 24. to develop 24. развивать 25. desk 25. парта 26. usually 26. обычно 27. absolutely 27. совершенно, безусловно INTRODUCTORY TEXT Our English Lesson He, who knows no foreign language, does not know his own one. Goethe
On the English lessons the teacher usually asks us some questions. We learn many new words and expressions. We also repeat old words and write them on the blackboard or in the copy-books. We try to answer well and receive excellent marks. We sometimes make mistakes and teacher corrects them. We like to speak English on the lessons. We sometimes work at the computer and do different tests. We read about Tourism and Hotel Service in the USA and Great Britain We ask and answer different questions. We retell texts. We work hard on the lessons to know it well. Now English is very important because we want to communicate with other people. We also want to read scientific books and magazines in original. Foreign language helps us to develop mutual friendship and understanding. Learning a foreign language is not easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know English is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every successful specialist.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES A B 1. to work a. получать 2. to compare b. работать 3. to ask c. спрашивать 4. to repeat d. сравнивать 5. to answer e. повторять 6. to receive f. отвечать
Questionnaire 1. Why do you think it is important to learn English? a work b travel c studying
2. When did you begin studying English? a one year ago b two years ago c more than two years ago
3. Do you ever listen to pop songs in English? 4. Do you ever watch films in English? 5. Do you ever read stories in English? 6. Give yourself a mark out of ten for: a speaking - __ b grammar - __ c reading – __ d writing – __ e pronunciation – __ f vocabulary – __ g listening – __
ARE YOU A GOOD STUDENT? SCORES 1. a) = 3 b) = 0 c) = 1 2. a) = 1 b) = 0 c) = 1 d) = 3 3. a) = 0 b) = 1 c) = 3 4. 2 points for each answer RESULTS 13 – 17 = You are an excellent student. You will learn a lot this year!!!! 6 – 12 = You are a good student. But think about your learning. What else can you do to improve your English? Under 6 = You are waiting for someone to ‘teach’ you English. Remember, it is you who has to learn!
Exercise 11. In English lessons, do you ever: · Feel bored? · Take notes? · Yawn? · Whisper to other students?
THEME II. CULTURE
Unit 1. What culture is.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. meaning – значение, смысл 2. refer – ссылаться, относить 3. behavior - поведение 4. scientist - ученый 5. however - однако 6. full – полный, целый 7. range – ряд, линия 8. pattern – структура, образец, пример, шаблон, модель 9. publish – публиковать, издавать 10. knowledge – знание 11. belief – вера, убеждение 12. law – закон 13. morals – нравы, нравственность 14. custom – обычай, привычка 15. capabilities – возможности, способности 16. habits – привычки, обычаи 17. acquire – приобретать, достигать, овладевать 18. member of society – член общества 19. tool – инструмент, орудие, станок 20. survival - выживание 21. fragile – хрупкий, ломкий 22. constantly - постоянно 23. exist – существовать, жить 24. in our minds – в наших умах 25. language – язык 26. government – управление, правительство, правление 27. building – здание, постройка, строение 28. merely - просто 29. layer – слой, пласт 30. level – уровень, ступень 31. perception – восприятие, ощущение, осознание, понимание 32. body – остов, корпус, основная часть 33. distinguish – видеть различие, различать, распознавать 34. in most cases – во многих случаях 35. share – делить, распределять 36. raise – поднимать, воздвигать, ставить вопрос 37. complex – сложный, трудный, комплексный 38. diverse – иной, отличный, разнообразный, разный 39. retain – удерживать, сохранять, помнить, поддерживать 40. traits – характерная черта, особенность, штрих 41. common – общий, обыкновенный, простой, общепринятый 42. background – фон, задний план, истоки, происхождение 43. experience – опыт 44. universal – всеобщий, всемирный, универсальный 45. humanity – человечество, человеколюбие 46. set of sounds- набор звуков 47. kinship - родство
INTRODUCTORY TEXT What is culture? Definition. The word culture has many different meanings. For some it refers to the good literature, music, art, and food. For a biologist, it is a colony of bacteria or other microorganisms. However, for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book “ Primitive Culture”, published in 1871. Tylor said that culture “includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made things are merely the products of culture. They are not culture in themselves.
In order to live man, like all other species, must come to terms with the external world.... Man employs his sense organs, nerves, glands, and muscles in adjusting himself to the external world. But in addition to this he has another means of adjustment and control.... This mechanism is culture.
Layers of Culture. There are three layers or levels of culture that are part of your learned behavior patterns and perceptions. Most obviously is the body of cultural traditions that distinguish your specific society. When people speak of Italian, or Japanese culture, they are referring to the shared language, traditions, and beliefs. In most cases, those who share your culture do so because they acquired it as they were raised by parents and other family members who have it.
The third layer of culture consists of cultural universals. These are learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity collectively. No matter where people live in the world, they share these universal traits. Examples of such "human cultural" traits include:
View on culture as a process (by Mc Grew) 1. A new pattern of behavior is invented, or an existing one is modified. 2. The innovator transmits this pattern to another. 3. The form of the pattern is consistent within and across performers, perhaps even in terms of recognizable stylistic features. 4. The one who acquires the pattern retains the ability to perform it long after having acquired it. 5. The pattern spreads across social units in a population. These social units may be families, clans, troops, or bands. 6. The pattern spreads across generations.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES A B 1. to distinguish a. поднимать 2. to share b. удерживать 3. to raise c. различать 4. to retain d. ссылаться 5. to refer e. делить 6. to publish f. публиковать
Language and Culture The connection between culture and language has been noted as far back as the classical period and probably long before. The ancient Greeks, for example, distinguished between civilized peoples and bárbaros "those who babble", i.e. those who speak unintelligible languages. The German romanticists of the 19th century such as Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm von Humboldt, often saw language not just as one cultural trait among many but rather as the direct expression of a people's national character. Herder for example suggests, " Denn jedes Volk ist Volk; es hat seine National Bildung wie seine Sprache " (Since every people is a People, it has its own national culture expressed through its own language). Franz Boas, founder of American anthropology, maintained that the shared language of a community is the most essential carrier of their common culture. Boas was the first anthropologist who considered it unimaginable to study the culture of a foreign people without also becoming acquainted with their language. For Boas, the fact that the intellectual culture of a people was largely constructed, shared and maintained through the use of language, meant that understanding the language of a cultural group was the key to understanding its culture. At the same time, though, Boas and his students were aware that culture and language are not directly dependent on one another. Numerous other scholars have suggested that the form of language determines specific cultural traits. This is similar to the notion of Linguistic determinism. Such belief is related to the theory of Linguistic relativity. Languages are also a part of the larger culture of the community that speak them. Humans use language as a way of signalling identity with one cultural group and difference from others. In linguistics such different ways of using the same language are called "varieties". For example, the English language is spoken differently in the USA, the UK and Australia, and even within English-speaking countries there are hundreds of dialects of English that each signals a belonging to a particular region and/or subculture. For example, in the UK the cockney dialect signals its speakers' belonging to the group of lower class workers of east London. Differences between varieties of the same language often consist in different pronunciations and vocabulary, but also sometimes of different grammatical systems and very often in using different styles. Linguists and anthropologists, particularly sociolinguists, ethnolinguists and linguistic anthropologists have specialized in studying how ways of speaking vary between speech communities. The difference between languages does not consist only in differences in pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar, but also in different "cultures of speaking". Some cultures for example have elaborate systems of signalling social distance through linguistic means. In English, social distance is shown mostly though distinguishing between addressing some people by first name and others by surname - "Mrs.", "boy", "Doctor" or "Your Honor". In several languages of East Asia, for example Thai, different words are used according to whether a speaker is addressing someone of higher or lower rank.
Unit 2. Russian Culture
TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. associated – связанный, взаимодействующий 2. country – страна 3. in the country – за городом, в деревне 4. to leave the country – уехать за границу 5. rich – богатый, ценный, изобилующий 6. art - искусство 7. cinema – кино, кинотеатр 8. animation - мультипликация 9. considerable – значительный, важный 10. influence – влияние, воздействие 11. strong – сильный, крепкий, серьезный 12. belief – вера, верование, доверие 13. wooded - лесистый 14. ancestor – предок, прародитель 15. neighbouring – соседний, смежный 16. tribe - племя 17. identity – идентичность, индивидуальность, подлинность 18. to accept – принимать, допускать, признавать 19. Empire - Империя 20. Orthodox – Православный, ортодоксальный, правоверный 21. to define – определять, давать определение 22. to fall – падать, потерпеть крах 23. to remain – оставаться, пребывать в прежнем состоянии 24. century – столетие, век 25. to develop – развивать, совершенствовать, разрабатывать 26. to change – меняться, сменять, заменять 27. census - перепись 28. right – право 29. widespread – широко распространенный 30. to belong – принадлежать, относиться, происходить 31. quarter – четверть, квартал 32. scientific – научный 33. to be considered – считается, рассматривается 34. to contribute – содействовать, способствовать, делать вклад 35. literary – литературный 36. to boost – способствовать росту популярности 37. native – родной, местный 38. to emerge – появляться, выходить, возникать 39. the Golden Age of Russian Poetry – Золотой век русской поэзии 40. founder – основатель, учредитель 41. to describe – описывать, характеризовать 42. to continue – продолжать, оставаться, сохранять 43. in particular – в частности, в особенности 44. literature - литература 45. early – преждевременный, ранний, рано 46. millennium - тысячелетие 47. to take part – принимать участие 48. largely- в значительной степени, в широком масштабе 49. point – точка, место, пункт
INTRODUCTORY TEXT
What Russian Culture is Russian culture is the culture associated with the country of Russia. It has a rich history and a long tradition in every aspect of the arts, especially literature and philosophy, classical music and ballet, architecture and painting, cinema and animation, which all had considerable influence on the world culture. The country also has a rich material culture and a strong tradition in technology. Russian culture started from that of the East Slavs, with their beliefs and specific way of life in the wooded areas of Eastern Europe. Early on, the Language. Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages. According to the 2008 census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers. Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language. Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian. Over a quarter of the world's scientific literature is published in Russian. The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world, contributing many of the world's most famous literary works. Russia's literary history dates back to the 10th century; in the 18th century its development was boosted by the works of Mikhail Lomonosov and Denis Fonvizin, and by the early 19th century a modern native tradition had emerged, producing some of the greatest writers of all time. This period and the Golden Age of Russian Poetry began with Alexander Pushkin, considered to be the founder of modern Russian literature and often described as the "Russian Shakespeare" or the "Russian Goethe". It continued in the 19th century with the poetry of Mikhail Lermontov and Nikolay Nekrasov, dramas of Aleksandr Ostrovsky and Anton Chekhov, and the prose of Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ivan Goncharov, Aleksey Pisemsky and Nikolai Leskov. Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky in particular were titanic figures. VOCABULARY EXERCISES
Exercise 5. Say in English. 1. to accept принимать предложение Я признаю правильность вашего утверждения допускать факт принимать Православие
2. to define давать определение слову
3. to fall цены снижаются занавес опускается температура упала мое настроение упало спустилась ночь пасть в бою A B 1. art a. кино 2. cinema b. предок 3. animation c. влияние 4. influence d. вера 5. belief e. мультипликация 6. ancestor f. искусство
Pattern I 1. He is considered a rich man. 2. All things were considered. 3. She considers others. 4. Russian culture has considerable influence on the world culture.
1. Принимать все во внимание. 2. Российская культура оказывает значительное влияние на мировую культуру. 3. Он считается богачом. 4. Она считается с другими.
Pattern II 1. He accepted the fact. 2. Kievan Rus’ had accepted Orthodox Christianity in 988. 3. This price is acceptable. 4. I accepted your offer.
1. Я принял Ваше предложение. 2. Он примерился с фактом. 3. Киевская Русь приняла Православие в 988 году. 4. Эта цена приемлема.
Text A. Russian Architecture Russian architecture began with the woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs. Since Christianization of Kievan Rus' for several ages Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by the Byzantine architecture, until the Fall of Constantinople. Apart from fortifications (kremlins), the main stone buildings of aincient Rus' were Orthodox churches, with their many domes, often gilded or brightly painted. Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. The 16th century saw the development of unique tent-like churches culminating in Saint Basil's Cathedral. By that time the onion dome design was also fully developed. In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s. After Peter the Great reforms had made Russia much closer to Western culture, the change of the architectural styles in Russia generally followed that of Western Europe. The 18th-century taste for rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. During the reign of Catherine the Great and her grandson Alexander I, the city of Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Byzantine and Russian Revival style (this corresponds to Gothic Revival in Western Europe). Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the Art Nouveau (Fyodor Shekhtel), Constructivism (Moisei Ginzburg and Victor Vesnin), and the Stalin Empire style (Boris Iofan). After Stalin's death a new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, condemned the "excesses" of the former architectural styles, and in the late Soviet era the architecture of the country was dominated by plain functionalism. This helped somewhat to resolve the housing problem, but created the large massives of buildings of low architectural quality, much in contrast with the previous bright architecture. After the end of the Soviet Union the situation improved. Many churches in the Soviet times were rebuilt, and this process continues along with the restoration of various historical buildings destroyed in World War II. As for the original architecture, there is no more any common style in modern Russia, though International style has a great influence.
Text B. Modern Music Since the late Soviet times Russia has experienced another wave of Western cultural influence, which led to the development of many previously unknown phenomena in the Russian culture. The most vivid example, perhaps, is the Russian rock music, which takes its roots both in the Western rock and roll and heavy metal, and in traditions of the Russian bards of Soviet era, like Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava. Saint-Petersburg (former Leningrad), Yekaterinburg (former Sverdlovsk) and Omsk became the main centers of development of the rock music. Popular Russian rock groups include Mashina Vremeni, DDT, Aquarium, Alisa, Kino, Nautilus Pompilius, Aria, Grazhdanskaya Oborona, Splean and Korol i Shut. At the same time Russian pop music developed from what was known in the Soviet times as estrada into sucessful industry, with some performers gaining international recognition, like t.A.T.u. in the West, who have been said to be the most influential artists to ever come out of Russia, or Vitas in China. Lubeh is a very popular and unique group, harmoniously combining the elements of Western rock and roll, traditional Russian folk music and military bard music, featuring a number of rock attributes but often performing on the pop scenes. Text C. Russian unofficial Symbols Matryoshka doll is a recognizable symbol of Russia, while the towers of Moscow Kremlin and Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow are main Russia's architectural symbols. Cheburashka is a symbol of Russian national Olympic team. Mary, Saint Nicholas, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint Alexander Nevsky, Saint Sergius of Radonezh, Saint Seraphim of Sarov are Russia's saints. Chamomile is a flower that Russians often associate with their Motherland, while birch is a national tree. Russian bear is an animal often associated with Russia, though this image has Western origin and Russians themselves do not consider it as a special symbol. The native Russian national personification is Mother Russia, sometimes called Mother Motherland.
Text D. Russian Internet Originating from Russian scientific community and telecommunication industries, a specific Russian culture of using the Internet has been establishing since the early 1990s. In the second half of 1990s, the term Runet was coined to call the segment of Internet written or understood in the Russian language. Whereas the Internet "has no boundaries", "Russian Internet" (online communications in the Russian language) can not be localized solely to the users residing in the Russian Federation as it includes Russian-speaking people from all around the world. This segment includes millions of users in other ex-USSR countries, Israel and others abroad diasporas. With the introduction of the Web, many social and cultural events found reflections within the Russian Internet society. Various online communities formed, and the most popular one grew out of the Russian-speaking users of the California-based blogging platform LiveJournal (which was completely bought out in December 2007 by Russian firm SUP Fabrik). In January 2008 a LiveJournal blog of the "3rd statesman" Sergey Mironov had appeared and he was shortly followed by the new President Dmitry Medvedev who opened a personal video blog which was later also expanded with a LiveJournal version. As of late, there are scores of websites offering Russian language content including mass media, e-commerce, search engines and so on. Particularly notorious are the "Russian Hackers". Russian web design studios, software and web-hosting enterprises offer a variety of services, and the results form a sort of national digital culture. E-commerce giants such as Google and Microsoft have their Russian branches. In September 2007, the national domain.ru passed the milestone of a million domain names.
Text E. Russian Holidays Russian holidays are the holidays of Russian people connected with widespread national traditions. For a long time already in Russia there was a set of remarkable holidays. People drove round dances, sang songs, and lived not boringly. But gradually traditions and holidays varied. In Russia there are also state holidays. There are eight public holidays in Russia. The New Year is the first in calendar and in popularity. Russian New Year traditions resemble those of the Western Christmas, with New Year Trees and gifts, and Ded Moroz (Father Frost) playing the same role as Santa Claus. Rozhdestvo (Orthodox Christmas) falls on 7 January, because Russian Orthodox Church still follows the Julian (old style) calendar and all Orthodox holidays are 13 days after Catholic ones. Another two major Christian holidays are Paskha (Easter) and Troitsa (Trinity), but there is no need to recognize them as public holidays since they are always celebrated on Sunday. Further Russian public holidays include Defender of the Fatherland Day (23 February), which honors Russian men, especially those serving in the army; International Women's Day (8 March), which combines the traditions of Mother's Day and Valentine's Day; International Workers' Day (1 May), now renamed Spring and Labor Day; Victory Day (9 May); Russia Day (12 June); and Unity Day (4 November). The latter is a replacement for the old Soviet holiday celebrating October Revolution of 1917 (again, it was falling on November because of the difference of calendars). Fireworks and outdoor concerts are common features of all Russian public holidays. Victory Day is the second popular holiday in Russia, it commemorates the victory over Nazi Germany in World War II and is widely celebrated throughout Russia. A huge military parade, hosted by the President of the Russian Federation, is annually organized in Moscow on Red Square. Similar parades are organized in all major Russian cities and the cities with the status Hero city or City of Military Glory. Other popular holidays, which are not public, include Old New Year (New Year according to Julian Calendar on 1 January), Tatiana Day (day of Russian students on 25 January), Maslenitsa (an old holiday a week before the Great Lent), Cosmonautics Day (a day of Yury Gagarin's first ever human trip into space on 12 April), Ivan Kupala Day (another Slavic holiday on 7 July) and Peter and Fevronia Day (taking place on 8 July and being the Russian analogue of Valentine's Day, which focuses, however, on the family love and fidelity). On different days in June there are major celebrations of the end of the school year, when graduates from schools and universities traditionally swim in the city fountains; the local varieties of these public events include Scarlet Sails tradition in Saint Petersburg. THEME I. INTRODUCTORY COURSE   Что вызывает тренды на фондовых и товарных рынках Объяснение теории грузового поезда Первые 17 лет моих рыночных исследований сводились к попыткам вычислить, когда этот...  Живите по правилу: МАЛО ЛИ ЧТО НА СВЕТЕ СУЩЕСТВУЕТ? Я неслучайно подчеркиваю, что место в голове ограничено, а информации вокруг много, и что ваше право...  Что способствует осуществлению желаний? Стопроцентная, непоколебимая уверенность в своем...  Что делает отдел по эксплуатации и сопровождению ИС? Отвечает за сохранность данных (расписания копирования, копирование и пр.)... Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте:
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English is a very popular language. Today English is the language of the world. Over 350 million people speak it. Statistically it is the most widespread language on the Earth. Many states call English their official language. But English is also the language of international communication. Many people whose languages are different, can understand each other if they speak English. English is the language of progressive science and technology.
Learning foreign languages is compulsory in all the secondary and higher schools. At the Volga State Academy of the Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism we study English too. It is very interesting to learn English, and you can understand your own language better, if you can compare two languages.
The second layer of culture that may be part of your identity is a subculture. In complex, diverse societies in which people have come from many different parts of the world, they often retain much of their original cultural traditions. As a result, they are part of an identifiable subculture in their new society. The shared cultural traits of subcultures set them apart from the rest of their society. Examples of easily identifiable subcultures in the United States include ethnic groups such as Vietnamese Americans, African Americans, and Mexican Americans. Members of each of these subcultures share a common identity, food tradition, dialect or language, and other cultural traits that come from their common background and experience.
Johann Herder
called attention to national cultures
Adolf Bastian
developed a universal model of culture
Edward Tylor
British anthropologist was one of the first English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense
Matthew Arnold
British poet and critic viewed "culture" as the cultivation of the humanist ideal
culture of Russian ancestors was much influenced by neighbouring Finno-Ugric tribes and mainly Turkic, peoples of the steppe. In the late 1st millennium AD the Scandinavian Vikings, also took part in the forming of Russian identity and Kievan Rus' state. Kievan Rus' had accepted Orthodox Christianity from the Eastern Roman Empire in 988, and this largely defined the Russian culture of next millennium as the synthesis of Slavic and Byzantine cultures. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Russia remained the largest Orthodox nation in the world. At points of its history, the country also was strongly influenced by the culture of Western Europe. Since Peter the Great's reforms for two centuries Russian culture largely developed in the general context of European culture. The situation changed in the 20th century, when the Communist ideology became a major factor in the culture of the Soviet Union, where Russia, or Russian SFSR, was the largest and leading part.