Can you add any more information to your chart?

You may use the following: to deepen co-operation among states; to maintain peace and international security; to take radical measures in the nuclear field; appeals to peoples as well as governments; to make proposals; the struggle to avert nuclear catastrophe; nuclear disarmament; to reduce and finally eliminate the nuclear war threat; to secure normal life for all people in conditions of peace; to control the use of dangerous weapons; to stop nuclear weapons tests by all nations in all environments.

XIII. Іn groups or pairs, say one or two sentences about each of the following things:

1. You hear about the explosion in the town where your relatives (friends) live.

2. Some news that you would find worrisome.

3. Your friend is a «green» scientist detecting radioactive releases in your town. She wants you to assist him / her.

4. Your parents disposed of your CDs because they thought it trash.

UNIT 6 WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND
THEIR SOLUTIONS

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

I. Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

1. Major [‘meIGq] – основний, значний.

2. Australia [Os’treIljq] – Австралія.

3. European [juqrq’pi(:)qn] – Європейський.

4. To encourage [In’kArIG] – заохочувати.

5. Equipment [I’kwIpment] – обладнання.

6. To guard [ga:d] – оберігати, охороняти.

7. Treasure [‘treZq] – скарб.

8. Endangered [In’deInGqd] – такі, що перебувають під загрозою зникнення.

9. Biodiversity [baIqVdaI’vE:sItI] – біорізноманітність, біологічна варіативність.

10. Variety [vq’raIqtI] – різноманітність.

11. Species (множина – species)[‘spi:Si:z] – види.

12. Treaty [tri:tI] – угода.

13. Preservation [prezE(:)’veIS(q)n] – зберігання.

14. Renewable [rI’nju:qbl] – поновлювальний.

II. Translate the following international words:

problem, organization, strategy, control, method, economic, park, laboratory, balance, process, type, global, ocean, atmosphere, automobile, electricity.

III. While translating the text keep in mind different meanings of the words:

Way – 1) шлях, дорога;

2) манера, звичка;

3) район, місцевість;

4) засіб, метод.

Effect – 1) результат, наслідок;

2) дія, вплив;

3) ефект, враження;

4) явище природи, що спостерігається.

Agreement – 1) взаємна згода;

2) договір, угода;

3) узгодження (у граматиці).

Concern – 1) відношення, стосунок;

2) зацікавленість;

3) занепокоєність;

4) фірма, підприємство.

IV. Words to remember:

1. To fine companies – штрафувати компанії.

2. To encourage companies – заохочувати компанії.

3. To invest in pollution control equipment – інвестувати гроші в обладнання, яке контролює забруднення.

4. To place taxes – оподатковувати.

5. To seek to understand – шукати, аби зрозуміти.

6. To maintain a healthy balance – підтримувати здоровий баланс.

7. To own global resources – бути володарем глобальних ресурсів.

8. Representatives of many nations – представники багатьох націй.

9. To create environmental treaties – створювати екологічні товариства.

10. To look for technological solution – шукати технологічне рішення.

11. To sign agreements – підписувати угоди.

12. Endangered species – види, які знаходяться під загрозою зникнення.

13. To use waste heat – використовувати скидну теплоту (теплоту, що відходить).

14. Trash incinerators – сміттєспалювальні заводи.

15. Harmful effects of hunting, logging, mining – шкідливі наслідки полювання, заготівлі й транспортування лісу, гірничих робіт.

WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND
THEIR SOLUTIONS

One of the major environmental problems is pollution. Controlling pollution depends on the efforts of governments, scientists, business and industry, agriculture, environmental organizations, and individuals.

Governments' strategy to help control pollution is to fine companies for polluting. Australia and a number of European countries fine businesses that pollute waterways. Such fines encourage companies to invest in pollution control equipment or to develop less polluting methods of operation. Governments may also place taxes on products that pollute.

Governments also create national parks to guard their natural treasures from the harmful effects of farming, hunting, logging, mining, and other economic development. National parks serve important purposes. Parks help save endangered animals and plants, and they provide natural laboratories for scientists seeking to understand relationships of animals and plants to their environment. Another goal of many parks is to protect the area’s biodiversity (variety of plant and animal species). In this way, parks help maintain a healthy balance among species and help preserve the natural processes that support life on the earth.

Many types of environmental pollution have been difficult to control because no single person or nation owns the earth’s global resources – that is its oceans and atmosphere. To control pollution, the people of the world must work together. Since the 1970’s, representatives of many nations have met to discuss ways of limiting the pollution that affects air and water. These nations have created environmental treaties to help control such problems as acid rain, the thinning of the ozone layer, and the dumping of waste into oceans. The UN members signed agreements on the prevention of global warming, the preservation of forests and endangered species.

Increasing concern over the environment has caused scientists and engineers to look for technological solutions. Many industrial researchers are finding more economical ways to use fuels and other raw materials. As a result of their research, some European cities now use waste heat from power plants or trash incinerators to warm homes. New automobile engines burn gasoline much more cleanly and efficiently than older engines. Scientists and engineers are also researching ways to generate electricity more cheaply from such renewable energy sources as the wind and sun, causing little or no pollution.

TEXT-BASED ASSIGNMENTS

І. Read these words and say what part of speech they are formed of; translate them:

environmental, government, an individual, national, natural, harmful, relationship, healthy.

II. From the nouns form the following verbs with the help of suffix
- ing and translate them:

to control, to pollute, to farm, to hunt, to log, to mine, to limit, to thin, to dump, to warm, to heat.

III. Find out synonyms:

1. Fuel a) method

2. Major b) garbage

3. Person c) agreement

4. Company d) goal, objective

5. To protect e) firm

6. Purpose f) to defend, to guard

7. Treaty g) individual

8. Trash h) main

9. Way i) gasoline

IV. Translate into Ukrainian:

the efforts of governments, to fine companies for polluting, to develop less polluting methods of operation, to guard national treasure, to protect the area’s biodiversity, to maintain a healthy balance, to discus ways of limiting the pollution, the thinning of the ozone layer, the dumping of wastes into oceans, the prevention of global warning, to use fuels and raw materials, to generate electricity more cheaply.

V. Translate into English:

oрганізації із захисту навколишнього середовища, забруднювати водоймища, оподатковувати продукцію, охороняти природні багатства, шкідливі наслідки, підтримувати здоровий баланс, володіти ресурсами землі, обговорювати шляхи з обмеження рівня забруднення, кислотний дощ, члени ООН, спалювати бензин, досліджувати шляхи із вироблення дешевого електричного струму.

VI. Correct the statements if necessary using the phrases of agreement or disagreement:

1. Controlling pollution depends on the efforts of governments, scientists, business and industry, agriculture, environmental organizations, and individuals.

2. Governments’ strategy to help control pollution is to encourage companies for polluting.

3. Governments may also place taxes on products that are eco-friendly.

4. Governments also create national parks for recreation.

5. Parks help save endangered animals and plants, and they provide natural laboratories for scientists seeking to understand relationships of animals and plants to their environment.

6. Many types of environmental pollution have been easy to control because no single person or nation owns the earth’s global resources – that is its money and power.

7. Since the 1970’s, representatives of many nations have met to discuss ways of limiting the pollution that affects air and water.

8. The UN members have never signed agreements on the prevention of global warming, the preservation of forests and endangered species.

9. Many industrial researchers are finding less economical ways to use fuels and other raw materials.

10. New automobile engines burn gasoline much more cleanly and efficiently than older engines.

VII. Answer the following questions:

1. What is one of the major environmental problems?

2. What kind of government’s strategy to control pollution do you know?

3. What for do governments create national parks?

4. What are the goals of national parks?

5. Why is it difficult to control many types of environmental pollution?

6. What for have the representatives of many nations met and created environmental treaties?

7. Why do scientists and engineers look for technological solutions of environmental problems?

8. What is the result of scientists and engineers’ research?

VIII. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Одна із найбільших екологічних проблем – це забруднення навколишнього середовища.

2. Контроль за рівнем забруднення залежить від зусиль уряду, науковців, представників промисловості, сільського господарства, екологічних організацій та приватних осіб.

3. Уряди країн можуть оподатковувати продукцію, яка забруднює навколишнє середовище.

4. Національні парки допомагають зберегти види тварин і рослин, які знаходяться на межі зникнення, у парках створюються лабораторії, де вчені намагаються зрозуміти відношення флори й фауни до їх природного оточення.

5. Багато типів екологічного забруднення важко контролювати, оскільки жодна людина чи народ не є власниками глобальних ресурсів Землі – океанів та атмосфери.

6. З 1970 року представники багатьох націй зустрічалися, аби обговорити шляхи обмеження забруднення, яке негативно впливає на воду та повітря.

7. Члени ООН підписали угоди із запобігання глобального потепління, зберігання лісів, рослин і тварин, що знаходяться під загрозою зникнення.

8. Багато дослідників у промисловій сфері знаходять економніші шляхи використання палива та іншої сировини.