Read the semantically and morphologically related pair set words. Observe the opposition of unvoiced consonants in nouns (or adjectives) and voiced consonants in verbs.

Bath (n) – bathe (v); belief (n) – believe (v); advice (n) – advise (v); cloth (n) – clothe (v); glass (n) – glaze (v); life (n) – live (v); half (n) – halve (v); loss (n) – lose (v); proof (n) – prove (v); serf (n) – serve (v); shelf (n) – shelve (v); close (adj) – close (v), choice (n) – choose (v), use (n) – use (v).

Read each of the following disyllabic words first as a verb and then as a noun (or adjective). Observe the stress distinction. Explain and translate the words into Russian.

Model: to con´vert - ‘ to persuade to accept a particular religion, political belief, etc.; to change into another form’ (обращать, превращать, конвертировать) – a ´convert - ‘a person who has been persuaded to accept a particular religion, political belief, etc.’ (новообращенный)

Abstract, contest, contract, contrast, convict, digest, transport, increase, protest, progress, import, export, produce, rebel, record, survey, conflict, frequent, perfect, present, impress, permit, object, conduct.

Change the following nouns and adjectives into verbs by conversion. Explain and translate the verbs into Russian, give examples of their usage.

Model: land (n) ‘the solid dry part of the earth’s surface’ (земля) – to land (v) ‘to come to, to bring to, or put on land or water (приземлиться) :We landed safely.

Class, hand, measure, place, clean, dirty, empty, free, market, map, sledge, skate, ski, rain, snow, bubble, block, shop.

Derive new verbs from the following verbs, adjectives and nouns by means of prefixes re-, un-, dis-, under-, over-, de-, pre-, post-, mis-, en-, be-.

Model: cover – un cover, feed – over feed, rich – en rich

Agree, arrange, centralize, view, nourish, calculate, contaminate, pronounce, appear, appoint, little, cook, write, pay, marry, understand, large, graduate, behave, cloud, bed, able, act, inform, consider, read, simplify, stay, turn, moralize, work, compose.

1.6. Derive new verbs from the following adjectives and nouns by means of suffixes -fy/-ify, -en, -ize, -ise.

Model: crystal – crystal lize, black – black en, false -- fals ify

Sharp, false, sympathy, character, patron, intense, pure, strength, short, equal, formal, private, broad, simple, oxide, idol, fertile.

Say which of the following words are verbs or may be used as verbs. Translate them and explain your choice.

Arrival, date, execute, strengthen, day, sing, slowly, part, choose, indicate, simplify, home, short, pay, law, empty, elect, educate, economy.

Complete the sentences using a suitable phrasal verb from the box.

break away 'to escape from someone'

break down 'to destroy something, to cause to be defeated'

break in 'to enter a building by force'

break of 'to cure someone of a habit'

break off 'to end'

break out 'to begin suddenly'

break through 'to make a discovery'

break up (esp. of a relationship) 'to come to an end'

1) Scientists hope to … … soon in their fight against cancer.

2) Fifteen minutes were enough for them to … … and steal my money.

3) The police tried to …... the prisoner’s opposition.

4) Doctors keep trying to … …his dependence on the drug.

5) I am afraid their marriage will … ….

6) The criminal used a gun to … … from the policemen.

7) The war there may … … at any moment.

8) Let’s … … work and have some tea.

Use the phrasal verbs in the box to complete the sentences below. You may also need to use certain pronoun or a noun.

catch up, cool off, fall behind, give in, grow up keep up, speak up, stay on, wait up, watch out, bring up, hand over, pull down, sort out, put away

1) Their parents were overseas so their grandparents brought them up.

2) He still behaves like a child. I wish he’d ….

3) Come to the party on Friday and … … for the weekend.

4) I won’t be back until late. Will you … … for you?

5) He was exhausted but he still kept going. He just wouldn’t … ….

6) Please don’t go so fast. I just can’t … ….

7) The garage is falling apart. The best thing is to … … … and build another.

8) Could you … … a bit? I can hardly hear you.

9) … …! Oh dear! Didn’t you see that car coming?

10) You look hot and sticky. Come and sit in the shade and … ….

11) These papers are in a mess. Have you got time to … … …?

12) You go on ahead and I’ll … ….

13) Wait for me. I don’t want to … ….

14) It’s my money. Please … … ….

15) I want to fold these blankets up and … … ….

KINDS AND FORMS OF VERBS

I. Kinds of verbs

1. They distinguish between main (or notional, lexical, or ordinary) verbs which describe a physical/mental action and have a full meaning of their own (as play, read, go) and auxiliary verbs which have lost their primary lexical meaning and are used with a main verb to form tenses, negatives and questions: Do you go there? or in a short answer: Yes, I do.

Auxiliary verbs are subdivided into:

a) primary verbs that can function either as main verbs or as auxiliary verbs (be, have and do: I am going; I have bought it; Do you like it?);

b) modal verbs that convey a range of judgments about the likelihood of events (all in all nine in the class can, could, may, might, must, shall, should,will, would: He may come + some other words and phrases having a similar function) (modal verbs are dealt with fully in Part 3);

c) link verbs that have lost their original lexical meaning and are used in the compound nominal predicate (be, turn, become, etc.: The soup is good. The Vice President becomes President if the President dies. Many of them are usually followed by adjectives: His face turned red. Henry looks strong. In different contexts the same verb may be used as a notional or a link verb (cf.: He turned back).

Main and auxiliary verbs differ in use.

Main verbs are not contracted while many auxiliary verbs are: are not = aren’t, I am = I’m, they will = they’ll.

Main verbs are conjugated (I go but she goes) while many auxiliary verbs (modal verbs in particular) are not: they remain uninflected, i.e. all persons have the same form (I can, she can).

Main verbs may be used in progressive tenses (to go – I am going) but auxiliaries are usually not (to be – I am to go).

2. A verb may be transitive or/and intransitive.

A verb is transitive if it takes a direct object – a noun or noun construction that follows a verb and “receives” the action of the verb (I love you. They take a book. We make a decision) and intransitive if it does not take a direct object (The sun rises. Babies crawl).

Some verbs are only transitive (take), and some are only intransitive (rise). There are also verbs that can be both transitive or intransitive in their different meanings: I sell books (transitive) and The books sell well (intransitive).

3. Verbs can be regular and irregular.

There are thousands of regular verbs in English that have predictable forms, and there are less than 300 irregular ones (100 of them are commonly used), the forms of which go back to Old English and are unpredictable (go – went – gone).

II. Grammatical categories and forms of verbs

The verb has the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, voice, and mood.

Thus, English verbs change more readily and more often than words of any other part of speech. This change may be confusing for a foreign language learner as even small changes in the form of a verb reflect many differences in meaning.

The forms of the verb are broadly divided into two classes: the Finite and Nonfinite forms, or Verbals.

The Finite forms (личные формы) of the verb are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person or mood: I go; she goes; she went, etc.).

The Nonfinite forms (неличные формы) do not limit the verb to any grammatical categories. A nonfinite form of the verb remains the same in a clause, regardless of any its grammatical variation. For example, when - ing form is used (asking), the verb can be referring to any number, tense or mood.

There are three Nonfinite forms of the verb for:

the Infinitive (or the base form ): to ask, to teach;

the Present Participle and Gerund ( the - ing form ): asking, teaching;

the Past Participle ( the - ed form) in regular verbs: asked, taught.

All in all, generally speaking, almost every English verb has four (if it is regular)or five (if it is irregular) major forms:

Major Verb Forms

Modal verbs have a less number of forms and the verb to be has eight forms.

Taking into account the forms of all grammatical categories that finite verbs can express, the real number of the verb forms becomes much more various and will be discussed in detail in the following units.

E x e r c i s e s

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