Сдам Сам

ПОЛЕЗНОЕ


КАТЕГОРИИ







UNIT 6 (62).GLANDS AND HORMONES.





Ex.1. Read and memorize the words:

To warn – попереджувати; danger – небезпека; day-to-day –повсякденний; to affect - впливати; shape – форма; strength – сила; nourishment – живлення; to release – випускати, виділяти

Ex.2. Skim the text and answer the questions:

The body has several control systems. Each takes part in regulating the development and working of the body's organs, in warning against danger, and in protecting the body from injury The glands manufacture chemicals that they release into the body. Among these chemicals are the hormones that travel round the body in the bloodstream.

In general, the glands control the body's day-to-day functioning. They affect its shape, its strength, its reproduction, its growth and its nourishment.

There are two kinds of glands. Endocrine glands release their chemicals, called hormones, into the bloodstream. The blood then carries them to where they are needed. One endocrine gland, the pituitary, controls several other glands. Exocrine glands release their fluids directly where they are needed.

Ex.3. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What do the glands manufacture?

2. What do the glands control?

3. How many kinds of glands are there?

4. Where do endocrine glands release their chemicals?

5. What gland controls several other glands?

6. Where do exocrine glands release their fluids?

 

Task. Learn all the information in the table and be ready to tell about hormones:

HORMONES FUNCTIONS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
somatotropin stimulates protein synthesis in organs and tissues; causes growth Overproduction leads to gigantism (in childhood), acromegaly (in adult life)
TSH (thyrotropin) stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland Plays a very important role in the body hardening to cold.
thyroxin intensifies the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats and proteins It is secreted by thyroid gland.
ACTH stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and activates hormone synthesis in it. Its secretion is augmented in stress.
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates follicle formation  
LH (luteinizing hormone) induces the secretion of progesterone
progesterone sustains pregnancy  
parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid It is produced by the parathyroid glands.
insulin and glucagon regulate metabolism of sugars and starches in the body released by pancreas
Mineralo-corticoids regulate the amount of salts They are produced by the adrenal cortex.
glucocorticoids influence the metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins within the body cells    
androgens and estrogens play a very important role in the development of genitalia in childhood  
melatonin affects skin pigmentation It is secreted by the pineal gland.

GRAMMAR.Форми інфінітива

(The Forms of the Infinitive)

  Active Passive
Indefinite to write to be written
Continuous to be written  
Perfect to have written to have been written

 

Ex.4. Translate the sentences:

1.I am glad to have met him. 2. He must be working in the garden now. 3. That patient was to have been transported to the hospital. 4. I wanted to have finished my work last night. 5. It is the report to be published at once. 6. The problem to be solved is very important.

Об’єктний інфінітивний зворот

(The Objective Infinitive Construction)

Іменник або займенник в об’єктному відмінку + інфінітив

 

Місце звороту і його функція Перекладається Приклади
Після присудка, складний додаток Підрядним з’ясувальним реченням We think this doctor to workat the hospital. (Ми думаємо, що цей лікар працює в цій лікарні)   I know him to have inventeda new device. (Я знаю, що він винайшов новий прилад).

 

Ex.5. Find the Infinitive constructions and translate the sentences:

1. I know her to be a very skilled teacher. 2. We believe him to have finished his scientific work. 3. We know them to read many books. 4. He thinks them to be discharged from the hospital. 5. The professor considers our students to pass the exams successfully. 6. They want this patient to be examined by the professor. 7. I know this patient to have been examined by this professor. 8. We believe him to be made a correct diagnosis. 9. We think him to be ill. 10. This doctor knows her to complain of a heart trouble. 11. They considered us to have completed our research work.


Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот

(The Subjective Infinitive Construction)

Іменник або займенник у називному відмінку + інфінітив

Місце звороту, його функція Перекладається Приклади
Іменник або займенник – перед присудком, інфінітив – після присудка; складений підмет 1) за допомогою присудка (відомо, кажуть) і підрядного речення зі сполучником що; 2) простим реченням. He is known to be a good doctor. (Відомо, що він хороший лікар). This man is said to have lived in Kyiv. (Кажуть, що цей чоловік жив у Києві) She seems to know English well. (Вона, здається, добре знає англійську мову)

 

Ex.6. Find the Subjective Infinitive Construction and translate the sentences:

1. He is said to have made an interesting report at the conference. 2. Grippe is known to be a highly communicable and rapidly spreading disease. 3. The doctor is said to be there at the time of the accident. 4. She is believed to be the most skillful therapeutist in this hospital.5. He is known to have a heart disease since a childhood. 6. They seem to have graduated from our Institute. 7. Doctor Petrenko was said to have graduated from Kyiv Medical Institute this year. 8. They appeared to be satisfied with the results of the experiment. 9. These scientists are known to work at the same problem. 10. This patient seems to be waiting for you.

 

Ex.7. Find the infinitive constructions and translate the sentences:

1. Everybody knows him to be a skillful doctor. 2. He is known to be a skillful doctor. 3. The doctor is expected to come today. 4. We expect the doctor to come today. 5. She said them to have been discharged from the hospital. 6. They are said to have been discharged from the hospital.


Прийменниковий інфінітивний комплекс

(The Prepositional Infinitive Complex)

Прийменниковий інфінітивний комплекс вводиться прийменником for. Він складається з іменника в загальному відмінку або особового займенника в об’єктному відмінку + інфінітив.

 

It's time for us to go. Нам пора йти.

That's for you to think on. Про це треба подумати.

He waited for her to speak. Він чекав, поки заговорить вона.

 

 

UNIT 7 (63). DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

Ex.1. Read a medicine direction and get ready to explain its indications, dosage and contraindications. Here comes the translations of some expressions to it:

highly purified – без будь-яких домішок; radiologically standardized – що відповідає стандартам стосовно радіологічних властивостей; to induce retension of potassium and phosphorus – стимулює накопичення натрію та фосфору; patients with short stature – низькорослі пацієнти

GRORM

(Human Growth Hormone)

Characteristics and Actions. Grorm contains growth hormone of human origin (Human Growth Hormone, HGH, or somatotropin), highly purified free of pyrogens and biologically and radioimmunologically standardized. The human growth hormone increases protein synthesis, influences the metabolism of carbohydrates, the metabolization of fats, it also influences the balance of minerals, including a retension of potassium and phosphorus and an increase in excretion of calcium ions. The treatment of patients with short stature with GRORM, in adequate doses and for a sufficiently prolonged period, induces an increase in growth rate. As GRORM contains human growth hormone of a high degree of purity, the formation of neutralizing antibodies is veiy unusual.

Indications. Short stature due to pituitary insufficiency.

Dosage. Dosage should be individualized. Generally, a weekly dose of at least 0.5 I.U. (International Unit) per kg of body weight is suggested. As a practical therapeutic schedule, it is recommended that the treatment be initiated by a weekly dose of 6. I.U. subdivided into three administrations. If, after 6 months of treatment, the growth rate appears inadequate, the dosage may be increased to 12. I.U. or more per week.

Contraindications. Diabetes mellitus may be considered a relative contraindication.

Warning. At the beginning of the treatment, anorexia and oliguria may be observed: these symptoms generally disappear within a few days after onset of treatment.

Ex.2. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What hormone does Grorm contain?

2. What does the human growth hormone increase?

3. What are the indications for using Grorm?

4. How many International Units per kg of body weight is suggested?

5. What symptoms may be observed at the beginning of the treatment?

GRAMMAR. THE GERUND.

Indefinite Gerund збігається за формою з Present Participle (reading, writing, playing).

Перекладається герундій залежно від його форми та функції у реченні

Функції герундія у реченні

Функція Перекладається Приклади
Підмет Неозначеною формою дієслова або іменником Reading is useful (Читати (читання) корисне)
Додаток Неозначеною формою дієслова або іменником They decided reading this book. (Вони вирішили прочитати цю книжку) He succeeded in reading well. (Він вправний у читанні)
Означення Іменником, неозначеною формою дієслова або прикметником А reading hall (читальний зал) I like your idea of reading this book. (Мені подобається твоя ідея прочитати цю книжку)
Обставина Дієприслівником або підрядним реченням After reading I began to write an exercise. (Після читання (після того, як я прочитав) я почав писати вправу)
Іменна частина складеного присудка Неозначеною формою дієслова Our dream is reading this book. (Ми мріємо прочитати цю книжку)

 

Ex.3. Find the Gerund and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Reading is her favourite occupation. 2. Writing case history took him much time. 3 The doctor suggested discussing this question. 4. The surgeon insisted on examining this patient. 5. They use different methods of examining the patients. 6. There are some ways of solving this problem. 7. After taking blood the surgeon withdrew the needle. 8. In this case the doctor cannot make a diagnosis without palpating the abdomen. 9. This hall was used for performing the operations. 10. We never missed an opportunity of listening to the lectures of this professor. 11. I prefer going there by air. 12. Seeing is believing.

Ex.4. Translate into Ukrainian:

1. The students understood the article without translating it. 2. They insisted on calling the doctor. 3. We assisted the nurse in bandaging the patients. 4. I thought of going to see my friend today. 5. I had the pleasure of living with them the whole summer. 6. The date of my leaving for the country is uncertain. 7. Before leaving for France I called on my brother. 8. They discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages.

 

Ex.5. Порівняйте вживання герундія і дієприкметника в реченнях і перекладіть українською мовою:

1. The doctor examining the patients graduated from our Institute last year. — They discussed different ways of examining. 2. The doctor thinks of examining this boy. — Reading the article, we were trying to find answers to the questions put to us by the teacher. 3. Examining this patient is necessary. — Examining the patients, the doctor was attentive. 4. In examining the doctor was attentive. — Having examined the patient, the doctor prescribed him treatment. 5. After finishing this work, we were ready for walking. 6. When going home I met my friends.








ЧТО ТАКОЕ УВЕРЕННОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ В МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ? Исторически существует три основных модели различий, существующих между...

ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ, КОГДА МЫ ССОРИМСЯ Не понимая различий, существующих между мужчинами и женщинами, очень легко довести дело до ссоры...

Что вызывает тренды на фондовых и товарных рынках Объяснение теории грузового поезда Первые 17 лет моих рыночных исследований сводились к попыткам вычис­лить, когда этот...

Что будет с Землей, если ось ее сместится на 6666 км? Что будет с Землей? - задался я вопросом...





Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте:


©2015- 2024 zdamsam.ru Размещенные материалы защищены законодательством РФ.