GRAMMAR. THE GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Qualitative and quantitative indices of cylindruria were studied in 325 patients aged from 15 to 64 with various morphological forms of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). In 237 of them function of kidneys was unchanged while remaining 88 patients revealed various degrees of chronic renal failure (CRF). Parameters of cylindruria in patients with CGN varied widely, significant correlation have been established between presence of erythrocytic cylinders in urinary residue and degree of haematuria. Large granular cylinders were observed in patients with normal renal functions and initial stage of renal insufficiency.

1. What aspect of urine analysis is considered in the article? 2. What diagnosis had the patients aged from 15 to 64? 3. What did the function of kidneys in 88 patients reveal? 4. What did qualitative and quantitative indices help to establish? 5. What distinctive feature was noticed between the urinary analysis in patients with severe and moderate chronic renal failure and normal renal function and initial stage of renal insufficiency?

to reduce the recovery period - впорснути хімічний барвник;

excruciating pain - використати ударні хвилі струму;

German doctors developed two new techniques to remove kidney stones much less painfully and without the customary major surgery.

The techniques also promise to reduce by several weiks the recovery period for tens of thousands of patients. In one of the new methods the kidney stone is extracted directly through the skin, but the patient still must undergo general anesthesia. The other method, generally painless, involves no surgery at all. It relies on the delivery of high-energy electric shock waves monitored by X-rays.

The overwhelming majority of kidney stones pass out of the body on their own, often accompanied by excruciating pain. Surgery is necessary in about 20 per cent of kidney stone cases. In the operation that has been used for decades, the surgeon cuts through layers of tissue to reach the kidney in the lower back, then is able to reach into the organ to remove the stone by hand and with forceps. Patients usually stay in the hospital for one or two weeks and are limited in the amount of physical activity and work they can undertake for another four or five weeks.

In most cases the new techniques should do away with this major operation. But people who develop one kidney stone often develop another, and neither technique prevents the formation of new stones.

1. Who developed two new techniques? 2. How is the kidney stone extracted in one of the new methods? 3. What must the patient undergo? 4. What does the other method rely on? 5. What does the surgeon remove the stone with? 6. How long do the patients stay in the hospital after the operation? 7. What should the new techniques do away with? 8. What can't any new techniques prevent?

Ex.1. The following list gives you the suffixes from which most common conditions and operations are derived:

hypernephroma – renal malevolent tumor of the kidneys which occurs in adults. It is usually metastasizes to the bone, blood and lungs;

glomerulonephritis – inflammation of the kidneys, primarily involving the glomerula; this disease causes destruction of glomerular capillary walls; the complications are renal failure, retention of urea in the bloodstream (uremia);

hydronephrosis – enlargement and distention (swelling) of kidneys due to block of urine outflow;

nephrolithiasis – the formation of renal calculi (stones) in the renal pelvis;

pyelonephritis – bacterial infection of one or both kidneys usually involving both the pelvis and the functional tissue. Pyuria is found in urinalyses;

polycystic kidney – the formation of numerous fluid filled sacs on and within the kidney;

gout – a disease resulting from a disturbance of uric acid metabolism, characterized by an excess of uric acid in the blood and deposits of uric acid in various tissues, especially in the joints.

Uremia is a toxic condition in which waste products of protein digestion, such as urea, are retained in the blood instead of being excreted in the urine.

Nocturia commonly occurs in the elderly because the kidneys are less able to concentrate urine, and it becomes necessary to empty the bladder once or twice a night.

Oliguria is the excretion of abnormally small amounts of urine. It may occur as a result of a high fever, poisoning, or shock. Oliguria may also be a symptom of kidney disorder such as nephritis, pyelonephritis, or uremia.

1. An examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements. 2. It may be caused by infection of the kidney, pyelonephritis, cystitis or stone in the kidney or bladder. 3. They are quite dangerous if they accumulate in the body. 4. It is a symptom of diabetes mellitus. 5. A protein is found in the urine.6. It is not normally found in the urine. 7. Tube for giving and withdrawing fluids. 8. Another important function of the … beside removing urea from the blood is to maintain the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body fluids.

(a – ketone bodies; b – kidneys; c – sugar; d –blood;e – pyuria; f – urinalysis; g –albuminuria; h – catheter;)

1) a method of removing the toxic materials from the blood in case the kidneys fail to perform their function; 2) necrosis (death) of the cortex region in kidneys; 3) excessive development, or growth of the kidney(s); 4) the presence of protein (albumin) in urea; 5) stones in kidney(s); 6) blood in the urine; 7) abnormal (small amount) of urine flow.8)urea in the blood.

(a – dialysis; b – oliguria; c – albuminuria; d – renal calculi; e – uremia; f –cortical renal necrosis; g – renal hyperplasia h -hematuria)

3. either of a pair of tubes, 25-30 cm long, that conduct urine from the pelvis of kidney to the bladder;

4. the branch of medicine concerned with the study, investigation and management of diseases of the kidney;

5. the fluid exerted by the kidneys, which contains many of the body’s waste products;

6. a hard mass formed within the body, particularly in the gallbladder or anywhere in the urinary tract;

(1. kidney, 2. nephritis, 3. urine, 4. stone, calculus 5. diabetes, 6. ureter, 7. creatinine, 8. nephrology)

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