FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEYS IN THE HUMAN BODY

The body depends on the kidneys to excrete many waste products and to maintain the correct balance of water and salts. Any kidney disorder interferes with these functions.

The symptoms of kidney disease depend on the underlying cause. They are often mild until a late stage in the disease. Kidney disease may cause an increased amount of urine to be formed, leading to abnormally frequent urination. Or the formation of urine may be diminished to abnormally infrequent urination.

Some kidney disease, such as acute nephriris, may cause blood in the urine. Other symptoms of kidney disease include acute abdominal pain, and generalized edema, which is swelling due to the accumulation of water in the body tissues. If both kidneys stop working completely, waste products accumulate in the body and poison the patient. This can be fatal and requires urgent medical attention.

Kidney disease may be caused by many factors, such as injury, infection, cancer or disorders in other parts of the body.

The kidney may be damaged in a serious accident. The damaged kidney may have to be surgically removed. Stones may form in the kidney and cause kidney damage. It may be due to underlying metabolic disorder. Occasionally, microscopic crystals form in the kidney substance itself (nephroalcinosis). These may occur for the same reasons as do stones.

The kidney may become infected and inflamed. This may result in various kidney diseases, such as nephriris, glomerulonephriris, or pyelonephriris. Infection of the kidney often results from the spread of infection from the bladder. Cancer of the kidney may occur in the renal pelvis or in the kidney itself. Many disorders in other parts of the body give an effect on the kidney. High blood pressure gradually damages the kidney. Various hormone disorders, such as parathyroid gland hyperactivity, Cushing’s syndrome, and diabetes insipidus, affect kidney function. Diabetes mellitus not only causes sugar in the urine but may eventually cause damage to the glomeruli or to the blood supply to the kidney. A stone in the ureter may cause urinary obstruction.

Suspected kidney disease can be investigated in various ways. Chemical testing of the urine detects the presence of any abnormal substances. Examination of urine through a microscope may detect blood or white cells resulting from infection. Tests that measure the amount of urea and creatinine in the blood help detect kidney disease.

The treatment of kidney diseases depends on their cause, and may involve the skilled care of a nephrologist, a specialist in kidney diseases.

Ex.1. Read the text and say whether the following statements are true:

1. Some kidney diseases, such as acute nephritis may cause blood in the urine.

2. If both kidneys stop working completely waste products do not accumulate in the body.

3. Kidney disease may be cause only by one factor– infection.

4. The damaged kidney may have to be surgically removed.

5. Stones may form in the kidneys and cause kidney damage.

6. Infection of the kidneys often results from the spread of infection from the liver.

7. Low blood pressure gradually damages the kidney.

8. A stone in the ureter may cause urinary obstruction.

9. X-ray examination may detect blood or white blood cells resulting from infection.

10. Chemical testing of the urine detects the presence of the abnormal substances.

Ex.2. Answer the questions, using given words and word combinations:

Injury; infection; cancer; oedema; acute abdominal pain; accident; rupture; diabetes insipidus; cause; nephritis; glomerulonephritis.

1. What may cause kidneys damage?

2. What does the treatment of kidney diseases depend on?

3. What affects kidney functions?

4. What are the symptoms of kidney disease?

5. What kidney disease do you know?

Ex.3. Complete the following sentences:

1. The body depends on the kidneys to ….

2. The symptoms of kidney disease depend on ….

3. Some kidney disease may cause ….

4. Kidney diseases may be caused by many factors, such as …..

5. The kidney may be damaged in ….

6. Many disorders in the other part of the body ….

7. High blood pressure gradually ….

8. Suspected kidney disease can be ….

9. Examination of urine through a ….

10. Nephrologist is a specialist in ….

Ex.4. Answer the questions:

1. Why does the body depend on the kidneys?

2. What damages the kidney?

3. What may cause urinary obstruction?

4. What symptoms of kidney diseases do you know?

5. What helps to detect kidney diseases?

6. What do the symptoms of kidney disease depend on?

7. What may cause blood in the urine?

8 May the kidney become inflamed?

9. What do you know about the chemical testing of urine?

GRAMMAR

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ЗВОРОТИ НЕОСОБОВИХ ФОРМ ДІЄСЛІВ

UNIT 11 (67).REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS.

Ex.1. Read and memorize the words:

Ex.2. Match the following word combinations:

Ex.3. Read and translate the text:

Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system consists of organs whichproduce ova (the female sex cells) and provide a place for the growth of the embryo. Ova are produced by the ovary. Ovaries are the pair of reproductive glands in the lower abdomen. Besides the ovaries the major organs of the female reproductive system include the fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and the external genitalia (vulva). Vulva includes vaginal lips, clitoris and the vaginal and urethral orifices. The space between the vaginal orifice and the anus is called perineum. To the female reproductive system belong also the breasts. They are two milk-producing glands.

Ex.4. Answer the questions:

1. What does the female reproductive system consist of?

2. What are ova produced by?

3. Where are ovaries located?

4. Can you name the major organs of the female reproductive system?

5. What is called perineum?

6. How are the milk –producing glands called?

7. What are the other major organs of the female reproductive system?

8. What does the vulva include?

9. What are the breasts?

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