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Questions of the second module





by the theme “Blood circulation system”

 

1. General characteristic of the blood circulation system.

2. Factors providing for the blood movement through the vessels, its direction and its continuity.

3. Cardiac automatism. Gradient of automatism. Stannius′s experiments.

4. Action potential of the atypic cardiac myocites of sinoatrial node, mechanism of its origin, its parameters and physiologic role.

5. Cardiac conductive system. Sequence and conductive velocity of the excitation thoughout the heart.

6. Action potential of the typical cardiac myocytes of ventricles, mechanism of its origin, physiologic role.

7. Ratio by time of AP and single myocardium contraction.

8. Refractory periods in time of development of AP of the typical cardiac myocytes, their significance.

9. Coupling of the contraction and the dilatation of myocardium.

10. Mechanisms of the contraction and the dilatation of myocardium.

11. Vectorial theory of ECG formation. Electrocardiographic leads.

12. Origin of ECG waves, segments, intervals, their parameters.

13. Cardiac cycle, its phases, their physiologic role.

14. Cardiac valvar role. Cardiac sounds, mechanisms of their origin.

15. PCG, its analysis.

16. Arterial pulse. Its origin. SPG, its analysis.

17. Myogenetic mechanisms of the cardiac activity regulation.

18. Character and mechanisms of influence of the sympatic nerves on the cardiac activity.

19. Role of the sympatic reflexes in the cardiac activity regulation.

20. Character and mechanisms of influences of the parasympatic nerves on the cardiac activity.

21. Role of the parasympatic reflexes in the cardiac activity regulation.

22. Humoral regulation of the cardiac activity. Dependence of the cardiac activity from the ionic blood composition.

23. Features of the structure and the functions of vessels of various parts of the vascular system.

24. General law of hemodynamics.

25. Significance of the blood viscosity for blood circulation/

26. Linear and volume velocities of the blood flow in the various parts of blood stream, their parameters.

27. Blood pressure and its value in the various parts of blood stream.

28. Arterial pressure; factors influencing on its value.

29. Methods of investigation of the arterial pressure.

30. Blood circulation in the capillaries. Mechanisms of exchange of the liquid and substances between blood and gases.

31. Blood circulation in the veins, its gravitation influence. Factors, determining the venous pressure value.

32. Ionicity of the arterioles and the venules, its significance.

33. Influence of the vasomotor nerves on the vascular tonicity.

34. Myogenic and humoral regulation of the vascular tonicity.

35. Role of the substances which the vascular endothelium secretes in the regulation of the vascular tonicity.

36. Hemodynamic center. Reflex regulation of the vascular tonicity.

37. Pressor and depressor reflexes.

38. Reflex regulation of the blood circulation changing the body position in the space (orthostatic sign)

39. Blood circulation regulation in the cerebral vessels and its regulation.

40. Blood circulation features in the cerebral vessels and its regulation.

41. Blood circulation features in the cardiac vessels and its regulation.

42. Blood circulation features in the hepatic vessels and its regulation.

43. Blood circulation features in the renal vessels and its regulation.

44. Pulmonary circulation features and its regulation.

45. Mechanisms of the lymph formation. Lymph movement thoughtout the vessels.

Themes of Module 9. “Respiratory system”

Specific Aims are:

1. To discuss notion of the respiratory system and mechanisms of the homeostasis regulation on the basis of analysis of the physiologic functions of structures which perform the respiratory processes.

2. To draw conclusions about the status of each period of the respiratory process on the basis of the parameter analysis which characterize the eternal respiration, the transportation of gases with the blood, diffusion of gases between the blood and the tissues.

3. To draw conclusion about the states of the respiratory process regulation on the basis of analysis of the external respiration parameters on standard exertion and in the tests with breath – holding.

4. To analyse indexes which characterize the gas exchange state, to draw conclusions about the respiration process regulation in human in different conditions.

5. To draw conclusion about the airways resistance and the regulation of their lumen on the basis of the pneumotachometry (pneumotachography) analysis.

6. To explain physiologic bases of the spirometry, spirography, pneumotachometry.

 

Theme 17 General characteristic of the respiratory system. External respiration.

Question for Speech and Test control.

1. Structure and functions of the respiratory system.

2. Significance of respiration for the organism.

3. Phases of respiration, their consequence and physiologic significance.

4. Biomechanics of inspiration and expiration.

5. Static and dynamic indexes of the external respiration.

6. Respiratory cycle.

7. Pressure in the pleural cavity. Its change in respiration.

8. Physiologic characteristic of the respiratory ways, their function.

9. Significance of the fibrillar epithelium.

10. Elastic properties of the lungs and the chest walls.

11. Surface tension of the alveoli, its mechanisms.

12. Surface, their significance.

 

Questions for Written Control.

1. Enumerate respiration phases, indicate their significance for the organism.

2. Enumerate respiration volumes and capacities, define them.

3. Describe physiologic and clinical significance of the definition of necessary values of the lung ventilation indexes.

4. Draw the scheme of human spirogram. Indicate the main indexes.

5. Describe consequence of processes as the result of which inspiration and expiration take place.

6. Draw the scheme of the chest and the diaphragm position during inspiration and expiration.

7. Draw the scheme of action of the external and internal intercostal muscles during inspiration and expiration.

8. Write what is a negative pressure in the pleural cavity, explain mechanism of its origin.

9. Indicate values of the negative pressure in the pleural cavity depending on the respiration phases and the respiration depth.

10. Enumerate functions of surfactant.

11. Describe what is an aerodynamic resistance; show its significance for the pulmonary ventilation.

 

Curriculum of Practical Studies.

1. Analysis of the human spirogram.

 

Theme 18. Gas exchange in the lungs

 

Question for Speech and Test control.

 

1. Composition of inspired, expirated, and alveolar air.

2. Partial pressure and tension of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolar air, in the venous and arterial blood.

3. Gas exchange in the lungs, gas exchange mechanism.

4. Gas exchange in the tissues, gas exchange mechanism.

5. Diffuse lung capacity; factors influencing on its values.

6. Arteriovenous difference in oxygen.

7. Anatomical and physiologic dead space.

8. Coefficient of oxygen utilization; method of definition.

 







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