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Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States





http://www.indians.org/articles/american-indians.html

http://xitfilms.ru/kino/Native+Americans-+VA+SOL+2.2%0A

Traditions and Holidays of the USA

The US population is known to be a mixture of many nations and races. That's why, it is not easy to speak about the American character. The Americans are very different, that's true. However, there are some features common for all those who were born and live now in the USA. Most of them are enterprising, energetic, pragmatic and patient. They are simply fixed at making money and career. And may be because of this, they are ready to compete with everybody, even with their own friends. Almost all of them adore various receptions and banquets. They are rather informal and too talkative. Many foreigners coming to the United States note the striking exclusiveness of the American society. In their opinion, the Americans are really interested only in their own country, their own success and their own careers. There are many workaholics among them. And they are very proud of their country. As to their holidays, customs and traditions, they are also very different. The first settlers came to America from various parts of the Globe and, naturally, they brought with them their national celebrations and traditions. They are different in origin and vary from state to state. But there are some common holidays marked across the USA. The most important of them are:

New Year's Day is one of the greatest national holidays. Most Americans stay up all the night to see the Old Year off and the New Year in. At midnight they go outside, ring bells or blow automobile horns and set off fireworks. At home they exchange presents and good wishes. Most Americans, especially young, go to various clubs, restaurants, the New Year's parties and make merry.

Lincoln's Birthday is marked on the 12-th of February to honour the 16-th President of the US, Abraham Lincoln, who managed to keep the nation together and free the slaves. Thats's why, Lincoln was called "the Great Emancipator."

St. Valentine's Day isn't a national holiday. It is marked on the 14-th of February as a little holiday of love and friendship in honour of St. Valentine, all sweethearts' patron. On this day many people send the Valentine's cards and presents to their beloved.

Washington's Birthday is marked on the 22-d of February to commemorate the first President of the USA, George Washington, who led the American Army to victory in the war for Independence and who was called "the Father of the Nation".

Easter is the greatest religious holiday marked in memory of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. As a rule, the Americans attend the church services on this day. They exchange presents and coloured or chocolate eggs, which are known to be the symbol of new life.

Memorial Day, celebrated on the 30-th of May, is a great national holiday. On this day the Americans honour all those who gave their lives in the past wars, holding memorial services in churches and cemeteries. This holiday is also marked with colourful parades, fireworks, different sports competitions and mass outdoors fetes.

One of the greatest holidays in the USA is Independence Day celebrated on the 4-th of July. On this day, in 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed and the country became an independent state. This holiday is usually marked with parades and fireworks. Most people go to picnics to the countryside. All cities and towns are decorated with flags and flowers.

Labour Day is a holiday of recreation. It is marked on the first Monday in September to honour all the working people of the country. But it also marks the beginning of the school year.

Halloween is celebrated on the 31-st of October, on the eve of All Saints' Day. On this day most Americans just have a good time and make merry. Their children put on various costumes, go out into streets and beg. They go from house to house, saying: "Trick or treat!" And in return they get many tasty things.

Veterans' Day is celebrated on the 11-th of November to honour all the nation's veterans, both living and dead.

Thanksgiving Day is a favourite national holiday, celebrated on the last Thursday in November, to honour the first settlers. This holiday was approved in 1941 by the USA President Franklin Roosevelt. It is a great family holiday when the Americans have their traditional dinner with a fried turkey.

Christmas Day is the greatest religious holiday celebrated on the 25-th of December to glory the birth of Jesus Christ. It is also a joyful family holiday with the Americans when they set the Christmas trees at their houses, exchange presents and enjoy themselves.

Learn more:

http://nsportal.ru/ap/library/literaturnoe-tvorchestvo/2015/10/14/traditions-and-holidays-in-the-usa

 

Christopher Columbus

Columbus's journal of his first voyage to America has been lost. However, we do have an accurate abstract of the journal written by Bartolome de las Casas in the 1530s. Las Casas was an historian and Columbus's biographer who had access to the original journal of the voyage. We join Columbus's account as his expedition approaches the islands of the Bahamas. Throughout the account, Columbus refers to himself in the third person as the "Admiral":"Thursday October 11 The course was W.S.W., and there was more sea than Christopher Columbus Discovers America, 1492 Columbus led his three ships - the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria - out of the Spanish port of Palos on August 3, 1492. His objective was to sail west until he reached Asia (the Indies) where the riches of gold, pearls and spice awaited. His first stop was the Canary Islands where the lack of wind left his expedition becalmed until September 6. Once underway, Columbus benefited from calm seas and steady winds that pushed him steadily westward (Columbus had discovered the southern "Trades" that in the future would fuel the sailing ships carrying goods to the New World). However, the trip was long, longer than anticipated by either Columbus or his crew. In order to mollify his crew's apprehensions, Columbus kept two sets of logs: one showing the true distance traveled each day and one showing a lesser distance. The first log was kept secret. The latter log quieted the crew's anxiety by under-reporting the true distance they had traveled from their homeland. This deception had only a temporary effect; by October 10 the crew's apprehension had increased to the point of near mutiny. Columbus headed off disaster by promising his crew that if land was not sighted in two days, they would return home. The next day land was discovered. A New World is Revealed there had been during the whole of the voyage. They saw sand-pipers, and a green reed near the ship. Those of the caravel Pinta saw a cane and a pole, and they took up another small pole which appeared to have been worked with iron; also another bit of cane, a land-plant, and a small board. The crew of the caravel Niсa also saw signs of land, and a small branch covered with berries. Everyone breathed afresh and rejoiced at these signs. The run until sunset was 27

 

 

leagues.After sunset the Admiral returned to his original west course, and they went along at the rate of 12 miles an hour. Up to two hours after midnight they had gone 90 miles, equal to 22 1/2 leagues. As the caravel Pinta was a better sailer, and went ahead of the Admiral, she found the land, and made the signals ordered by the Admiral. The land was first seen by a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana. But the Admiral, at ten o'clock, being on the castle of the poop, saw a light, though it was so uncertain that he could not affirm it was land. He called Pero Gutierrez, a gentleman of the King's bedchamber, and said that there seemed to be a light, and that he should look at it. He did so, and saw it. The Admiral said the same to Rodrigo Sanchez of Segovia, whom the King and Queen had sent with the fleet as inspector, but he could see nothing, because he was not in a place whence anything could be seen.

After the Admiral had spoken he saw the light once or twice, and it was like a wax candle rising and failing. It seemed to few to be an indication of land; but the Admiral made certain that land was close. When they said the Salve, (Salve Regina) which all the sailors were accustomed to sing in their way, the Admiral asked and admonished the men to keep a good look-out on the forecastle, and to watch well for land; and to him who should first cry out that he saw land, he would give a silk doublet, besides the other rewards promised by the Sovereigns, which were 10,000 maravedis to him who should first saw it. At two hours after midnight the land was sighted at a distance of two leagues."

Columbus ordered the three ships to halt and wait for daylight before venturing further. His journal continues:

"Friday October 12

The vessels were hove to, waiting for daylight; and on Friday they arrived at a small island of the Lucayos, called, in the language of the Indians, Guanahani. Presently they saw naked people. The Admiral went on shore in the armed boat, and Martin Alonso Pinzon, and Vicente Yanez,

his brother, who was captain of the Niсa. The Admiral took the royal standard, and the captains went with two banners of the

 

 

green cross, which the Admiral took in all the ships as a sign, with an F and a Y and a crown over each letter, one on one side of the cross and the other on the other.

Having landed, they saw trees very green, and much water, and fruits of diverse kinds. The Admiral called to the two captains, and to the others who leaped on shore, and to Rodrigo Escovedo, secretary of the whole fleet, and to Rodrigo Sanchez of Segovia, and said that they should bear faithful testimony that he, in presence of all, had taken, as he now took, possession of the said island for the King and for the Queen his Lords, making the declarations that are required, as is now largely set forth in the testimonies which were then made in writing."Shortly after landing, many of the island's inhabitants assembled on the beach and Columbus gave them gifts of red hats and beads. The natives reciprocated with gifts of parrots, cotton and other goods. In describing the natives, Columbus wrote: "They go as naked as when their mothers bore them, and so do the women, although I did not see more than one girl. They are very well made, with very handsome bodies, and very good countenances."References:
Columbus's journal appears in Olson, Julius, The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503 (1926); Dyson, John, Columbus: for Gold, God, and Glory (1991); Morrison, Samuel Eliot, Admiral of the Ocean Sea (1942);

Complete the following sentences:

The Discovery of America

Christopher Columbus ________________ America in 1492.

He was born in ________ but lived in _______ for a long time. He was _________and made many _________. In 1492 the King and the Queen of Spain gave him money to go to _______. He decided ________ west as he was sure that our planet was round. And after sailing 4000 miles (6400 kilometres), he _________ some land. Columbus _________ that it must be India but it was not. It was a new land-a new ___________. It was America-Central America in fact. People called ____________ “the New World”.

Then Columbus _______ some more voyages to the New World. He discovered some more ________ in Central America.

The second great voyage of Christopher Columbus _______ in September in 1493. He had seventeen ______ with him. On this voyage he reached Cuba but didn’t _______ it was an island. Columbus made four ______ to the New World but he never _______ on the mainland of North America.

 

 

England became _________in the New World too. The first English settlements __________ in America at the beginning of the seventeenth century. On the 6th of September in 1620 a group of people ______ England for the New World. They ______ from the English city on board the ship “Mayflower”. They wanted _______ a new life.

After three months’ voyage these _______ landed in the Northeast of America. There were 74 ____and 28 ______ on “Mayflower”. They set up ______ and called that part of the ______ “New England”.

http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/10952420

http://geography.about.com/od/christophercolumbus/a/columbus.htm







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