Muslim Party Shura I islami , Shura u ulema

Shura-e-Islam - the socio-political organization in Turkestan, which existed during the revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War. The organization was founded in the beginning of March 1917 in Tashkent and was ideologically linked to the national-democratic movement Jadidism educational. Headed organization Munavvar Kara Abdurashidhanov. An active role in the organization played Mustafa Shokai.

One of the main political demands of the organization was the creation of national and religious autonomy of Turkestan as a part of Russia. The organization advocated the preservation of private property, including land.

16-23 April 1917 Congress passed the Shura-e-Islam, which the Congress has decided to cultural and political self-government of Turkestan and expressed confidence in the Provisional Government.

Since the inception of the organization there are two main wing Jadid and ulemiste. The first advocated the holding of the bourgeois-democratic reforms, the latter were supporters of orthodox Islam, demanded compliance with Shariah opposed the education reform in the European manner. In June 1917 ulemiste out of Shura-e-Islam and formed their own organization Shura-i-Ulema.

Members of the organization negatively met the October Revolution in Russia and the armed uprising in Tashkent in October 1917. In response to the declaration of Tashkent Turkestan Soviet Republic of members of the organization took part in the creation of a national government in Kokand. After the defeat of the government in Kokand, members of the organization participated in the movement against the Soviet power in Turkestan.

35. Features of the October Revolution of 1917 and establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan

October 25, 1917 (November 7 New Style) accomplished the October Revolution, or the "October Revolution", as referred to it by Lenin. The process of the establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan lasted from the end of October 1917 to March 1918.

Late October-dekabr1917g-perovskite, Aulie-ata, Shymkent, Petropavlovsk, Kostanay, Akmola.

January-mart1918g-Aktobe Atbasar, Pavlodar, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semipalatinsk, True.

Soviet power was established in the various regions of Kazakhstan unevenly. Dominated by the forces of the revolution, power was taken peacefully (Syrdarya, Akmola, bukey horde). Dominated by the counter-revolution, the Soviet authorities undertook bloody, waged an armed struggle (Turgay, Ural, Semipalatinsk, Semirechenskaya).

The adoption of the historic decrees on land and peace, declaration of national policy frameworks Soviet government played a crucial role in the rapid victory of the Bolsheviks. 2 November 1917 adopted the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia", which declares the equality and sovereignty of the peoples, the right of peoples to self-determination up to secession and the formation of a separate state, the abolition of all national and national-religious privileges, the free development of national minorities. The appeal "To All Working Muslims of Russia and the East," emphasized: "From now on your beliefs and customs, your national and cultural institutions are declared free and inviolable.".

The collapse of Russia did not begin with the October Revolution, and since February. The Bolsheviks have risen due to the mediocrity of the interim government. The October Revolution was a natural.

36. Features and difficulty of establishing of the Soviet power in Kazakhstan

The establishment of Soviet power in various regions of Kazakhstan proceeded unevenly. This process is dependent on many objective conditions. A situation in which the Soviet power was established in the cities and large populated areas of Kazakhstan with a predominance of European population, whereas in most of the villages and sat down, this process was not observed. Kazakh Aul was significantly undermined by the events of 1916, punitive repression, carried out the royal administration, of whom died, in fact, the most active part of society. In this connection, the penetration of Soviet power in the region was carried out through the city, and then use the weapons it spread further into the steppe. The process of the establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan lasted from the end of October 1917 to the beginning of March 1918 mainly in the cities and other large settlements of Kazakhstan. The bulk of the villages and the villages of Kazakhstan the process of establishing the Soviet power continued until the 20-ies of XX century.

On a large part of the region, especially in areas close to railways and major work centers, where the counter-revolution was not able to organize armed resistance to the socialist revolution, Soviet power was established by peaceful means. However, where the counter-revolution was a real opportunity for the armed resistance (mainly in the areas of the Cossack troops), Soviet power triumphed in a military defeat of the counter-revolutionary forces.

First of all Soviet power was established in Perovsk (current Kyzylorda), one of the important centers of the Syrdarya region. Here, before the October Revolution, the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies organized its armed wing, which consisted mainly of railwaymen. In most parts of the Syrdarya, Akmola regions Bokeevskoy Horde, where the forces led by the Bolsheviks, had a decisive advantage, and supporters of the Provisional Government could not offer armed resistance to Soviet power won by peaceful means.

In Turgay, Ural, Semipalatinsk, Semirechensk areas where there was a significant superiority of the forces of local authorities of the Provisional Government by the new authorities claim the armed uprising. The victory of Soviet power in Turgai region was closely linked with the struggle for Orenburg, is the center of the region and an important link between Central Asia and Kazakhstan with the central regions of Russia.

Establishment of the Soviet authorities put up fierce resistance to the government Alash Orda, Kokand autonomy, as well as armed groups of Cossacks of the Ural, Semirechensk, Siberian and Orenburg regions.

Late October-dekabr1917g-perovskite, Aulie-ata, Shymkent, Petropavlovsk, Kostanay, Akmola. January-mart1918g-Aktobe Atbasar, Pavlodar, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semipalatinsk, True. Uralsk seized in 1919.

The establishment and strengthening of the Soviet power and the party involved "Ush Horde." November 17, 1917 he was elected chairman of the party Mukan Aytpenov. The central organ of the party was the newspaper "Ush Horde." Since coming to power in K. Togysova party she began to struggle with the Bolsheviks.

Most modern scholars (Volobuev, G. Ioffe, A. Rabinovich) believe that the events of October 1917 were a natural phenomenon, generated by specific historical internal and external conditions.

Firstly, on the course and results of the 1917 Revolution in Petrograd, could not have a significant impact of the First World War. If the Provisional Government did not seek to wage war to the bitter end (in 1917, this solution did not receive much support), it undoubtedly would have had more chances to cope with the many challenges, which have become an inevitable consequence of the old order of the crash, and, in particular,, to meet the demands of the population regarding the immediate radical reforms.

Secondly, it is necessary to take into account the growth of the Bolshevik authority emergency appeal of the party platform, embodied in the slogan "Peace, land, bread!" And "All Power to the Soviets!". The slogans of the Bolsheviks into account the weak points of society and were able to induce a response in a significant proportion of people. In late spring and summer of 1917, the goal set forth by the Bolsheviks, and especially the slogan of the transfer of power to the Soviets, received additional support through a number of factors. The economic situation in the country deteriorated. Over the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison real threat sent to the front. Since it was not known exactly which parts will be sent to the front, the whole garrison, already configured Bolshevik propaganda against participation in the war, it was even more against the power restored. The masses in general are less and less faith in the ability to quickly achieve peace and of the Provisional Government reforms. At the same time all the major political groups have lost the trust of the masses, because they were related to the government and called for patience and sacrifice in the name of victory in the war.

In addition, the ability of the Bolsheviks in just eight months to prepare for the seizure of power was due to that great work which the Party carried out to enlist the support of the soldiers in the rear and at the front; apparently, only the Bolsheviks were able to understand the important role of the armed forces in the struggle for power. The Bolsheviks were carefully prepared by October, creating their own fighting units (Red Guards). Bolsheviks acted very consistently and purposefully. They were able to quickly overthrow the Provisional Government and to seize all the levers of power in the capital first, and then in other major centers of the country.

In general, it must be recognized that the October Revolution was a natural "resolution" of the situation that has developed in Russia in 1917. The October revolution step up on the basis of the unresolved problems of the bourgeois-democratic transformation of Russia its initial, February stage, burdened by foreign policy problems.

38. “Declaration of the Rights of Peoples of Russia” and Soviet government’s appeal “To All Working Muslims of Russia and the East”

November 2, 1917 the Council of People's Commissars was adopted by one of the first Soviet government documents - Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia. The signatures under this document was the People's Commissar for Nationalities Stalin and Chairman of People's Commissars Lenin.

The drafters of the declaration condemned the national policy of the tsarist government as a policy of national oppression, which had been the result of "massacres and pogroms on the one hand, slavery of peoples - on the other." As fundamental to the new state policy was offered a voluntary union of equal nations Russia. In fact, it is a populist program, because, for example, the "right to self-determination" can not stands. Lenin said about it is that it can be, but not necessarily be used. "The equality of large and small nations" is not possible. These abstracts have been introduced, to find support in national border regions of Russia.

"Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia" announces the equality and sovereignty of the peoples, the right of peoples to self-determination up to secession and the formation of a separate state, the abolition of all national and national-religious privileges, the free development of national minorities.

The appeal "To All Working Muslims of Russia and the East," emphasized: "From now on your beliefs and customs, your national and cultural institutions are declared free and inviolable.".

After the October revolution in the country there was a tense socio-political situation. The establishment of Soviet power from October 1917 to March 1918 was accompanied by a variety of anti-Bolshevik speeches in different regions of Russia.

The historiography is no consensus about the time of the civil war. Some historians date the beginning of the civil war in October 1917, others - in the spring (25 May) in 1918; when developed strong political and well-organized anti-Soviet hotbeds, foreign intervention began. The Reds were not against the invaders because the invaders themselves in active hostilities did not participate. They instigated the anti-Bolshevik forces, and supplied them with arms, ammunition, provided financial and political support. In the spring of 1918 it began foreign intervention. German troops occupied the Ukraine, the Crimea and part of the North Caucasus.

The main striking force of the enemies of the Soviet power was the White Guard army. In Siberia, the power was seized by Admiral AV Kolchak and proclaimed himself "Supreme Ruler of Russia." In the north, with the help of the Entente formed an army general EK Miller. Under the Orenburg and Ural army acted Dutova and Tolstova. The outcome of the civil war in Kazakhstan is largely dependent on the success of military operations against the Red Army on the Eastern Front Kolchak.

During the Civil War, the territory of Kazakhstan became the theater of operations of major nationwide fronts - East, South (Turkestan, the Urals, as well as local - Aktobe and Semirechensk).

One of the first centers of the civil war in Kazakhstan began in late November 1917 in Orenburg -administrativnom center of Turgay area where the chieftain of the Orenburg Cossack troops Dutov overthrew the Soviet regime. Armed with a center of the struggle with the Soviet authorities and was in the Seven Rivers. In November 1917, he formed a hotbed of counter-revolution in Uralsk. These Cossack troop governments have been the main forces of the White Guard counter-revolutionary movement in Kazakhstan. They relied on the White Guard officers, kulak elements of the Cossack villages and resettlement villages and support local Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Mensheviks, the party leaders of "Alash"; "Shuro-e-Islam" and some other parties and political movements.

In the summer of the Urals, Akmola, Semipalatinsk region and most of the Turgay were captured by the Whites. The struggle for the restoration of the Soviet regime in the occupied areas at the heart of the Whites wore partisan character.

In April 1918, it was formed Ural front, July 1918-Semirechensky and Aktobe front, August 1919 Turkestan front.

The features of the civil war in Kazakhstan is that in economically backward Kazakhstan was 4 Cossack village. The proximity of the border will create pockets of Whites. These foci were scattered mainly along the railway expensive. There was also widespread guerrilla movements.

The reasons for the defeat of white were to political miscalculations, they failed to communicate with the apposition and democratic slogan, which they put forward, "Russia is a great, united and indivisible" deprived of support narodtse.

Socio-economic policy of the Soviet power in the summer of 1918 - in early 1921, was called "war communism". The policy of "war communism" was a necessary policy due to extreme economic ruin of the country, in violation of traditional economic ties between town and country, as well as the need to mobilize all resources to win the Civil War.

The policy of "war communism" includes a set of measures, affecting the economic and socio-political sphere.

Mainly in this case it was: nationalization of industry (large, medium, small) and the creation of a powerful centralized apparatus (control). Decree SNK on January 11, 1919 was introduced prodrazvertka bread.

By 1920 it had spread to potatoes, vegetables, etc. The essence of the surplus was the fact that the removal of surplus grain, and often required reserves. For the removal of products farmers left the receipt and the money lost due to inflation, its value. egalitarian wage system among the workers was introduced.

In the social sphere the policy of "war communism" was based on the principle of "he who does not work." In 1918, labor service for members of former exploiting classes was introduced, and in 1920 labor conscription.

To ensure the life of the people, the state has issued a salary "in kind", including instead of money gave out food rations, food stamps in the dining room, daily necessities. With the policy of "war communism" was canceled payment for housing, transportation, utilities and other services. State workers mobilized, almost completely took upon itself its content.

Continuation of the policy of the Bolsheviks was the abolition of commodity-money relations. First, free food for sale was banned, then other consumer goods that were distributed by the state as a salary.

Thus, the totality of the emergency measures called in the history of the policy of "war communism". "Military" - because this policy was subordinated to a single goal - to concentrate all forces for a military victory over their political opponents, "communism" - because the measures taken by the Bolsheviks miraculously coincided with the Marxist outlook of some socio-economic characteristics of the future communist society

41. IV Extraordinary Regional Congress.History of the formation of the Turkestan (Kokand) autonomy.The activities of Mustafa Shokai

Held in November 1917 IV Provincial Extraordinary Muslim Congress decided to form Kokand (Turkestan) Autonomy with the center in Kokand. government autonomy Favorites Congress initially headed by M. Tynyshpaev, and later, in early 1918 - a prominent public figure M. Shokai. M. Shokai proposed the idea of unification of the Turkestan Autonomous Republic with its entry into the democratic Russia. Kokand (Turkestan) was proclaimed on April 30, 1918 Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which included the southern regions of Kazakhstan. It became the capital city of Tashkent. Spring of 1918, key industries were nationalized (cotton ginning, vegetable oil, mining, etc.), Banks and railways. Turkestan autonomy in the first days of existence has been recognized by the Great Powers, on the right who saw it first in the history of independent republic of Turkestan.

However, the Bolsheviks could not tolerate the existence of a national government. The tragedy ended the first attempt to create a national state on the territory of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In January 1918, the Tashkent Council sent a punitive expedition of Kokand.

In the newly created independent state to defend its sovereignty, it was not a serious army, regular officers. In Kokand was only two and a half thousand militia.

January 29 began the defeat of Kokand (Turkestan) autonomy, resistance was easily broken, the city was captured, and after three days of massacres and looting burned. bank funds, of the 150 thousand inhabitants of the city have no more than 60 thousand as a result of the massacre were confiscated - the rest were killed or fled. For the consolidation of Soviet power it was necessary to destroy, to break the old state apparatus and create a new, Soviet state management body. The first shoots of democracy in the face of the Turkestan autonomy were drowned in the blood of the Red Guard. The government lasted only sixty-two days. But, despite the short period of existence, the Turkestan autonomy has become an important event in the life and history of the peoples of Central Asia today.

42. The historical importance of the second Kazakh Congress. The government of Alash Orda

Orenburg has passed second All-Kazakh Congress of the party "Alash" 5-13 December 1917. At the Congress of the important documents relating to the Kazakh people's political destiny it was taken. The main issue was the formation of autonomy and the formation of its government. The Congress announced the creation of the Kazakh autonomy under the name of "Alash". Provisional People's Council entitled "Alash Orda" (Government Alash Autonomy) - The government was formed at the congress. It was formed the Provisional People's Council "Alash Orda" of 25 members, 10 seats of which were provided to representatives of Russian and other peoples of the region. Congress decided that a part of the Kazakh autonomy must enter Bokeevskaya horde, Ural, Turgai, Akmola, Semipalatinsk region, the areas of Trans-Caspian region and the Altai province, inhabited by Kazakhs. Centre Alash Orda autonomy was temporarily declared Semipalatinsk. The government headed by Alash Orda Alikhan Bokeyhanov. The Congress decided to organize regional county councils and committees, was developed a plan to create Kazakh police. And most importantly, Congress instructed the Alash Orda "immediately take over all executive authority over the Kazakh population."

The Congress has decided not to recognize the Soviet government. For resistance in the case of the Red Army entered the territory of Kazakhstan it decided to establish its own national army.

During the Civil War, the leaders of Alash Orda established contacts with Ataman A. Dutov after the overthrow of Soviet power it in Orenburg, with the Committee of the Constituent Assembly in Samara, the Provisional Siberian Government (Ufa Directory) in Omsk. From the Soviet power contacts and compromises alashordintsy went to the union with the Omsk to fight the Soviets. In March 1919, Kolchak's troops launched a decisive attack on the Samara and Kazan, in April, took the whole of the Urals and the Volga approached, strongly surpassing the Red Army. Seizing the moment, Alash Orda raised the anti-Soviet rebellion in the Turgai steppes. March 5, 1920 the Military Revolutionary Committee of Management Kirghiz edge Alash Orda government was abolished.

Alash Orda Bolsheviks came to power was immediately abolished. April 4, 1919 issued a decree of the Central Executive Committee, which stated that "... the Kyrgyz, who participated in the civil war against the Soviet power, as well as the members and staff of the former national Kyrgyz government" Alash Orda "for his former counter-revolutionary activities to any prosecution and punishment are not subject. " However, all former alashordintsy were repressed and were shot in the 1920s - 1930s.

When discussing the issue of the declaration of autonomy, opinions were divided: some participants suggested that it immediately declares (33 deputies), while others considered it necessary to wait and officially announce a more convenient time. Majority of votes (42 against 33) has passed the second sentence. In keeping with the democratic principles of state building congress proclaimed the equality of all the national minorities living within the "Alash Autonomy," "in all institutions of autonomy representatives of all nations should be represented proportionally. It is also extra-territorial and cultural autonomy to those who were without territory within autonomy" Alash ". At the Congress of the Provisional People's Council Alash Orda, consisting of 25 representatives of Alash it was organized, with 10 seats on the representative of the people living among the Kazakhs. The new government immediately offered to take over all executive authority "in order to save the collapse of the common areas of Alash, anarchy." The structure of government includes 15 members: 7 persons from each region, and 8 - regardless of the field. Before the government stood the task of forming a people's militia and the people's treasury. The main reason for the creation of the police was to protect the territory of Alash of the impending threat of anarchy and lawlessness that took place all over Russia. Formation of its own armed forces in the face of the people's militia is an important element in the formation of the nation-state. Discriminatory attitude towards the Kazakhs by the colonial authorities in the period of the autocracy was manifested in the refusal to serve them in the army, to train them in military affairs, which was especially evident in the events of 1916 was then Alash leaders tried to use a call to the rear of the work for the Kazakhs participate in military service. Moreover, on the basis of national traditions, they indicate the materials "Kazakh" suggested the authorities encourage Kazakhs to serve in the equestrian stroyu.Narodnaya police was also necessary to maintain order within the Alash Autonomy, but it was small and poorly armed. Therefore, the very war policies of the new state was of a defensive nature and pursuing the main objective - the protection against external attacks. As subsequent events showed, the police was not able to complete its task and the government Alash Orda had to hastily organize a military regiments, by accessing the Russian officers - instructors. Creation of the Kazakh autonomy and thus the emergence of the Kazakh democratic state within Russia was really a major historical event in the life of Kazakh people, an attempt to restore the state, lost as a result of colonial dependence. However, the short was the life of this autonomy, which did not recognize the legitimacy of the Bolshevik government. Russian intelligentsia, including Kazakh, mostly met with hostility revolution in October 1917 for the bulk of the people the second revolution was not clear, since "in the Kirghiz no capitalism, no class differentiation"./47 / Especially because Bolshevik movement, noted A. Baitursynov, "was accompanied everywhere by violence, looting, abuse of power and a kind of dictatorial power... movement in the border part is a not a revolution (as commonly understood), and total anarchy." Once in power, the Bolshevik Party proclaimed the principle of equal rights and self-determination of nations. In practice, however, it refused the former colonial peoples of the empire the right to determine their own fate, explaining the absence of the province of the national proletariat. An eloquent testimony to this policy is the attitude of the Bolsheviks to the Kokand republic and the government Alash Orda. November 27, 1917 at the IV Congress of Emergency Vsemusulmanskom held in Kokand, announced the establishment of the autonomy of the Turkestan (Turkestan MUKHTARIYYAT) led by Turkestan Transitional Council, which is headed by M. Tynyshpaev, who held the post of Minister and Interior. His deputy was a lawyer by training Abdrahman Orazaev. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs headed by a well-known politician, lawyer Mustafa Chokai (1890-1941 gg.). Creating Turkestan autonomy was largely due to the practical implementation of the ideas of national governments, especially that formed in the Tashkent government Turkestan Soviet republic of 14 of its members was not a single person of the representatives of indigenous peoples. The day before the first meeting of the chairman of the CPC Turkrespubliki FI Kolesov, said: "It is impossible to prevent the Muslims to the supreme authorities, as the local population's attitude toward us is not defined and, moreover, they have no proletarian organization." Despite the formation of the Turkestan autonomy, its leaders did not consider themselves separate from the Alash Autonomy. They participated in the II-nd All-Kazakh Congress and from the Syr Darya and Semirechensk areas became part of the great

44. New approaches in the study of the 1916 uprising in contemporary foreign and home histography

The first works devoted to the uprising in 1916, appeared in the press in the mid 20-ies of XX century. In 1924, in the journal "The Past" it published an article by A. Miklashevsky "Social Movement in 1916 in Turkestan." The main reason for the uprising A. Miklashevskii looking at the influence of Islamism, ignoring the existence of socio-economic causes of the uprising. At the time this article was subjected to harsh criticism by historians. The author does a thorough conclusion. He believes that this revolt was directed only against the ruling government, and Russian. An attempt to show their vision of the main reasons for the uprising took a T.Ryskulov. The author in his article "From the history of the struggle for the liberation of the East", proves that the 1916 uprising was provoked by the colonial imperial administration. The author tries to show the usurpation and tyranny of the tsarist administration policy. The magazine "New East" in 1924, the work was published GI Broido. By supporting the view T.Ryskulov it shows that the uprising is generated by inflammatory policy of the tsarist government. In 1926 he published a monograph T.Ryskulov in which the analysis of socio-economic situation of the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan on the eve of the uprising, as well as the characteristic of the course of the uprising in some areas. The author has shown the uprising, as a mass, directed against the policy of the tsarist government. T.Ryskulov clearly identified the main causes of the uprising - a colonization of the lands of the local population and immigration policy of the tsarist government. Opinions T.Ryskulov and G. Broido been critically reinterpreted subsequent generation of researchers, who recognized the merit of the first historians of the 1916 uprising in the disclosure of the essence of the colonial policy of the tsarist government. There are findings of researchers E. Fedorov and Alexander Shestakov that colonial plan of the tsarist government to implement. IV Menitsky clearly explains their opposition to the "natives," a term that has a direct relation to article T.Ryskulov "Rise of the natives of Central Asia in 1916". The author was opposed to this view, that the tsarist government exploited the local population. IV Menitsky held chauvinistic positions. Against the opinion of IV Yu made Menitsky Abdrakhmanov. He expressed the opinion that "the uprising was not supported by the Russian workers and peasants as the class consciousness of the Russian workers was low, and the reason that the men took the land, it is because it is impossible to revolt against the government." And, on the contrary, he says that if you say that at the time of the uprising, he was supported by wealthy people, the cause of the victory of the local administration group, it can be seen in the activities of discontent against the colonial administration. The discussions showed the need for a deep and comprehensive study of the problem. In the 30s of the twentieth century study of the uprising in 1916 it was continued. Great contribution to the study of the events of 1916 brought the works of S. Brainin, Shafiro S., A. and S. Shestakova Asfendiarova. In these studies, an assessment of the nature of the uprising as a national liberation movement, made an analysis of the socio-economic causes of the uprising and revolt reviewed the individual regions. Although these studies was dominated by a class approach in the evaluation of the events, but they have great scientific significance in terms of the availability of a wealth of factual material.

For a more flexible economic policies of the Bolsheviks pushed extremely difficult situation in the country. The national economy was destroyed and the first civil war, foreign military intervention. We had to recognize that the economic and political crisis has led not only war, but also a policy of "war communism". The ruin, poverty, impoverishment - characterized the prevailing post-civil war situation VI Lenin. Extremely heavy was the position of Kazakhstan. Of the 307 enterprises of Kazakhstan nationalized 250 inactive. In comparison with 1913, oil production decreased by 4 times in Kazakhstan, Karaganda coal - 5 times, and copper ore mining ceased completely. Oilfields were looted and disabled Ridder mine, Ekibastuz coal mines and Spasskaya concentrator.

The share of industry in the national economy edges of gross output was only 6.3% in 1920. Railroads were inactive due to fuel shortages and the destruction of ways.

The decline came republic's agriculture, especially livestock. Livestock decreased by more than 10.8 million. Heads. In the Ural province acreage decreased by more than two times in Seven Rivers - almost 3 times. Economic difficulties were compounded in 1921 poor harvest of cereals and the resulting famine that affected a large area of Kazakhstan. As a result, the population of villages and towns began to express dissatisfaction. In the years 1920 -1921 pockets of discontent that ignited the open speeches, appeared in the Semipalatinsk region, as well as in Kostanay, Akmola, Petropavlovsk, Kokchetav districts. Their slogans were: "For the Soviets without Communists!", "Down with requisitioning," "Down with the dictatorship of the food!".

The existing heavy duty war military and political alliance between the working class and the peasantry was in jeopardy. The former economic basis, linking them was insufficient, needed were new forms of economic ties between the workers and peasants, between town and country.

On the X Congress of the RCP (B) in March 1921, Lenin proposed a new economic policy. It was the anti-crisis program, the essence of which was the re-creation of a mixed economy and the use of organizational - technical expertise of the capitalists, while maintaining leadership in the hands of the Bolshevik government. Major political and economic levers of society were in the hands of the state. In industry, the public sector, a centralized financial system and the monopoly of foreign trade.

The main political goal of the NEP - to remove the social tension, strengthen the social base of the Soviet power in the form of the alliance of workers and peasants.

The economic goal - to prevent further aggravation of destruction, out of the crisis and restore the economy.

Social purpose - to provide favorable conditions for the construction of a socialist society, without waiting for the world revolution.

The transition to NEP legislation was issued decrees and the Central Executive Committee of the CPC, decisions IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets in December 1921. NEP included a set of economic and socio - political events. They meant "retreat" from the principles of "war communism" - the revival of private enterprise, the introduction of freedom of internal trade and the satisfaction of certain requirements of the peasantry.

The introduction (implementation) of the new economic policy began with agriculture by replacing the surplus to the food tax (tax in kind). It was set up to sowing campaign, and could not be changed during the year, and was less than half the surplus. After the public procurement allows for free trade in the products of his farm. This created a financial incentive to increase agricultural production.

The following activities of the NEP were as follows: labor conscription was abolished, allows for freedom of trade, lease of land, the use of hired labor, encouraged the development of cooperation; It has become widely used cost accounting.

Radical changes have taken place in the field of industrial production. First of all, the decree was repealed for wholesale nationalization of industry. Now, small and even some medium-sized enterprises newly transferred into private hands. And some large industrial enterprises were allowed to rent to individuals. Allowed the creation of kontsessiy1) with foreign capital, mixed joint stock companies and joint ventures. reform of the system was conducted wages, ie tariff wage system was introduced. In 1922 it was carried out a monetary reform, which culminated in the introduction of the country's hard currency, and in turn introduced Soviet gold piece (10 p.), Which is highly valued in the global currency market.

When the New Economic Policy been charged for the use of transport, communication systems, and utilities.

The civil war has once again shown the Bolsheviks, that can not be ignored with the idea of national statehood of the peoples of the border regions. The Communist Party and the Soviet government began preparatory work on the formation of the Kazakh autonomy in the Soviet basis. On the eve of the Civil War, just after the establishment of Soviet power began to liquidate the old and the new authorities were created. The first special body control Kazakhstan in conditions of Soviet power became the Kazakh department of the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR nationalities formed May 11, 1918 A July 10, 1919 was adopted a decree on the formation of Kirrevkoma - Revolutionary Committee of Management Kirghiz (Kazakh) boundary. It includes S. Pestkovsky (Chairman), as well as such well-known figures as A. Baitursynov, B. Karataev, Zhangeldin A., S. Seifullin, H. Gabbassov, VA Radus-Zenkevich and others. The organ began to newspaper Kazrevkoma "Ushkyn" ("Spark"). In accordance with the decree Kazrevkom was "higher civil-military" edge of the governing body, in whose territory included the area: Ural, Turgai, Akmola, Semipalatinsk, and the Kazakh lands Astrakhan province. But in fact, Akmola and Semipalatinsk region until the first half of 1921 were under the Siberian Revolutionary Committee. The main task was to prepare Kazrevkoma autonomous region. Kazrevkoma main function - implementation of the highest military and civilian edge control. The main objectives of Kazrevkoma:

1) the struggle against counter-revolution and intervention; 2) creation of conditions for the state, economic and cultural development in the region;

4) engaging loyal representatives of the national intelligentsia to the Soviet construction;

3) March 9, 1920 the decision on the Elimination of Alash Orda, call themselves "the government of Kyrgyzstan";

6) in a number of cities of the region began to operate schools for training mugalimov;

August 26, 1920 the Soviet government - the Central Executive Committee and SNK RSFSR - issued a decree "On the formation of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" as a part of the RSFSR, which was the first time a federal socialist state built on the basis of Soviet autonomy. The decree on the formation of KazASSR identified the territory of Kazakhstan, stated that KazASSR management bodies are the local councils, the CEC and the Sovnarkom. To control the military apparatus was established Kazakh military commissariat.

From 4 to 12 October 1920 in Orenburg held a founding congress of Soviets of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR. This day is -4 in October 1920 - is the birthday of the Kazakh Soviet national statehood. This event has become one of the most significant in the history of Kazakh people. The congress elected a supreme authority - the Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the republic. Chairman of the Central Election Commission was elected KazASSR Seytkali Mendes, Chairman, CPC KazASSR - VA Radus-Zenkovich. The congress adopted a "Declaration of the rights of workers KazASSR" constitutionally defined the main principles of formation of the Kazakh Soviet statehood. The declaration identified a set of measures aimed at the socialist transformation of the whole life of the republic. She is assigned to the working people of Kazakhstan broad political rights. Establishes the rights and duties of citizens. The Declaration served as a constitution, approved the rights of workers of the republic until 1937, when the first constitution of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted.

The proclamation of the Kazakh Soviet national statehood was of great historical significance. Kazakh people took the act as a result of centuries of struggle against colonialism, the first step on the path of national revival.

In 1925, the republic's capital was moved from Orenburg to Kzyl-Orda. 15-19 April, 1925 in the city of Kyzyl-Orda the V Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh SSR, which for the first time attended by representatives from all over Kazakhstan. historically accurate name of the people has been restored at the congress - the Kazakhs, so that was renamed the Kirgiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kalmyk ASSR) in the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KazASSR). As you know, since the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia in the first half of the XVIII century and up until 1925 it was called Kirgiz Kazakhs and Kirghiz kaysakov. In addition, the name was changed to the new republic Capital: Ak-Mosque was renamed Kyzyl-Orda. The capital was in Kyzyl-Orda (now Kyzylorda) until 1929, then became the new capital city of Alma-Ata (now Almaty). According to historical data, this step was taken by the authorities of the time under the influence of solutions X Congress of the RCP (b) on the national question. In Kazakhstan, there have been significant political and social changes, aimed at the development of the Kazakh Soviet autonomy.

Territorial Association of Kazakh people was of great importance for the further unification of the Kazakh nation, the development of culture and the economy of Kazakhstan. Combining all Kazakh lands in the republic has become a major landmark in the history of Kazakh people, and despite the difficulties of that period, played a very important role in the creation of the Kazakh statehood. As a result, the territory KazASSR increased by almost one-third of the population has increased by almost half a million, its total number reached 5.23 million people. According to Census 1926, Kazakhs made up 61.3% of the total population of Kazakhstan.

48. The historical importance of the formation of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

July 10 1919goda Lenin signed the "Decree of the revolutionary Committee of Management Kirghiz (Kazakh) edge." Kazrevkom was instituted as the highest military and civilian control of the edge. Kazrevkom worked to unite the Kazakh land, the organization of the Soviets in the Kazakh steppe.

The result of the centuries-old struggle of the Kazakh people against colonialism, the first step of its national revival was the declaration of the Kazakh ASSR. August 26, 1920 was issued the Decree "On the Formation of the Autonomous Kirghiz (Kazakh) Soviet Socialist Republic" as a part of the RSFSR. 4oktyabrya 1920 in the city of Orenburg held a founding congress of Kazakh ASSR Soviets. Congress adopted the Declaration of the rights of workers KazASSR. The congress elected a supreme authority: the Central Executive Committee (CEC) and the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the country. CEC Chairman was elected S.M.Mendeshev and chairman of the SNK - V.A.Radus-Zenkovich. Congress adopted the Declaration of the rights of migrant KazASSR, secure the rights and duties of citizens, land ownership, authority and control KazASSR.

An important role in the development of KazASSR played Orenburg. Orenburg City became the first capital KazASSR. V.ILenin, taking into account national peculiarities of republics argued the need to solve territorial disputes in favor of the republic created.

A.Baytursnov and M. Seralina in a note to the Soviet government, the name of the fully proved the need for the KazASSR Kustanai region. In 1921, the subordination of Sibrevkoma Kazakh ASSR were transferred to the area of Akmola and Semipalatinsk.

During the discussion on the basis of documentary and A.Bukeyhanov A. Baitursynov experts in their nation's history to recreate a true picture of the formation of the territorial community of the people.

In 1924, the capital of Kazakhstan was transferred to Kzyl-Orda. In 1929, on the orders of the country's capital of Kazakhstan's leadership was transferred to Alma-Ata. In April 1925goda Vsekazahstansky Fifth Congress of Soviets decided to restore the historically correct name and "call Kazakhs Kyrgyz people."

49. Specify the features of the new economic policy in Kazakhstan: Causes and results

50. The reasons for the national-territorial delimitation of Kazakhstan and Central Asia (1924)

In the years 1924-1925 the boundaries of existing public entities on the territory of Central Asia have been completely revised in accordance with the theory of self-determination of peoples and national autonomy. This is not always taken into account the existing social and economic systems. Thus, the territory of the Ferghana Valley (largely corresponded to the former Kokand Khanate) was divided among itself the Uzbek SSR, Tajik SSR in its composition (Khujand) and Kara-Kyrgyz joint-stock company within the RSFSR (Osh). Land adjacent to an oasis from the north and also historically were part of the Kokand Khanate, were transferred to the Kazakh ASSR (Shymkent, Taraz Airport). With the rise of autonomous status of the territory was divided between the four Soviet republics.

The territory of the former Khanate of Khiva was divided between the Uzbek SSR (New Urgench and Khiva), Karakalpak AO (Kungrad) and the Turkmen SSR (Dashoguz, Old Urgench).

Of the numerous range of Turkic peoples and tribes were allocated kaysakov Kirghiz (Kazakhs), Kara-Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz), Karakalpak, Uzbeks and Turkmens as centers of ethnic consolidation. The area of continuous Iranian-speaking settlement was consolidated around a Tajik national identity

51. Identify the political and economic consequences of the confiscation of large farms bays

52. The founding congress of Soviets of Kazakhstan. “Declaration of the rights of workers Kyrgyz(Kazakh) ASSR” Қазақ мемлекетінің қайта құрылуы. Қазақ АССР-І. 1920 ж. 26 тамызында РКФСР Бүкілресейлік Орталық атқару комитеті мен халық комиссарлары кеңесі М.И.Калинин мен Ленин қол қойған, РКФСР құрамында, астанасы Орынбор қаласында болатын "Қырғыз (қазақ) кеңестік Автономиялық социалистік республикасы еңбекшілері құқтарының Декларациясын қабылдайды, ол Декларация РКФСР құрамына жеке автономия болып кіретін Қазақ АССР-і құрылуын жұмысшылардың, еңбекші қазақ халқының, шаруалар, казактар, қызыл әскерлер депутаттары Кеңестерінің Республикасы ретінде бекітті.

Декреттің бірінші тарауында Қазақ АССР-і РСФСР-дің құрамды бөлігі болып жарияланатыны айтылды. Қазақ Совет Республикасының құрамына мына облыстар мен уездер кірді:

1.Павлодар, Семей, Өскемен, Зайсан және Қарқаралыуездерінен түратын Семей облысы.

2.Атбасар, Ақмола, Көкшетау, Петропавл уездері менОмбы уөзінің бір бөлігінен тұратын Ақмола облысы.

3.Қостанай, Ақтөбе, Ырғыз және Торғай уездерінентұратын Торғай облысы.

4.Орал, Ілбішін, Темір және Гурьев уездерінен тұратынОрал облысы.

5.Закаспий облысының Маңғыстау уезі мен сол облыстыңКрасноводск уөзіндегі Адайлар мекендеген төртінші женебесінші облыстар.

6.Астрахань губерниясының құрамында болып келгенБөкей ордасы, Синемор облысы, бірінші және екіншіПриморье округтерінің қазақтар мекендеген аудандары.

"Известие ВЦИК" газетінің 1920жылғы 22 қазанындағы санында жарияланған 26 тамыздағы декреттің бірінші тарауына енгізілген қосымша Қазақ АССР-нің құрамына Орынбор қаласы мен оның маңындағы Покровский, Краснохолм, Илец, Шарлық, Исаев және Петровск аудандары қосылатындығы айтылды. Міне осы территориялар жаңадан құрылған ҚазАКСР-нің құрамына кірді. Сырдария және Жетісу облыстары Түркістан АКСР-нің құрамында қала берді. Декретте бұл жерлер ҚазАКСР-дің құрамына оның халқының қалауы бойынша өте алады деген тармақ болды.Қазақ автономиясының құрылуы сөзсіз аса маңызды тарихи және саяси оқиға болды. Қазақ халқының автономия түрінде болса да, мемлекеттілігі қалпына келтірілді, оның территориясы белгіленді. Тіпті Сырдария, Жетісу облыстарындағы қазақтарды бірыңғай республикаға біріктірудің құқықтық негізі қаланды. Сондай-ақ В.И.Ленин және М.И.Калинин қол қойған декретте ҚАКСР-дің орталық органдары Қазақ Орталық Атқару комитеті (ҚазОАҚ) пен Қазақ Халық Комиссарлар Кеңесі екендігі анықталды, 12 халық комиссариаттарын және Завольже әскери округіне бағынышты қазақ әскери комитетін құру белгіленді. ҚАКСР-нің РКФСР орталық органдарымен, Сибревком және Түркістан АКСР-мен қарым-қатынасы анықталды. Сибревком мен ТүркАКСР ОАК-ның Президиумы құрамына Казревком өкілдері ендірілді. 1920 жылы Орынборда Қазақстан Кеңестерінің Құрылтай съезі өтті. Съезд ҚАКСР-нің орталық мемлекеттік органдарын С.Мендешевті бекітті. Қазақ Халық комиссарлар Кеңесінің төрағасы болып Р.Радусь-Зенкович бекітілді. Қазақстанның астанасы болып Орынбор қаласы жарияланды. Құрылтай съезі «ҚАКСР-дің еңбекшілері құқығының декларациясын» қабылдады. Бұл конституциялық мәні бар ҚАКСР-дің мемлекеттік құрылымын, территориясын, сайлау жүйесін т.б. жақтарын анықтаған құжат болды. Декларация 1926 жылы қабылданған ҚАКСР-дің бірінші конституциясының жобасына кірді.Құрылтай съезі «Қазақ АКСР-нде Кеңес өкіметін ұйымдастыру туралы» қаулы қабылдады. Қазақстандағы жоғары өкімет билігі Кеңестердің бүкіл қазақтық съезі болып табылды. Бұл съезд Қазақ Орталық Атқару комитетін сайлайды. ҚазОАК 75-ке дейін мүшеден және 25 мүшелікке кандидаттан тұрды. Бүкілқазақтық съезді ҚазОАК жылына бір рет шақырады. ҚазОАК бүкілқазақтық съездер аралығында жоғары билік органы болып есептелді. Төтенше немесе кезектен тыс бүкілқазақтық съездерді ҚазОАК өз қалауы бойынша немесе республиканың 3/1-н білдретін жергілікті кеңестердің талабымен шақыра алды. Бүкілқазақтық съезд мемлекеттегі бүкіл билікке басшылық жүргізді. ҚазОАК-ты сайлады, үкіметтің есебін тыңдады, заңдар қабылдады. Автономды халық комиссариаттары РКФСР-дың осындай халық комиссариаттарына тәуелді болды. Халық комиссариаттары автономды және біріккен болып бөлінді. Біріккен халық комиссариаттарға РКФСР-дың халық комиссариаттарына тікелей бағынышты халық комиссариаттары жатты. Бұл халық комиссариаттыры сондай-ақ ҚазОАК пен Қазхалкомкеңесіне де бағынды. Бірақ РКФСР басшылығымен келісіп отырды. Біріккен халық комиссариаттарына БОАК пен Халкомкеңестің 1920 жылғы 26 тамыздағы декреті бойынша мыналар жатты: азық-түлік, қаржы, жұмысшы шаруа инспекциясы, қатынас жолдары, сонымен қатар халық шаруашылығы кеңесі, почта және телеграф басқармасы, қазақ статбюросы, төтенше комиссия.Олардың басшыларын ҚазОАК пен Қазхалкомкеңес өздері тағайындап, орнына алды. Жоғарыдай айтылған деректер бойынша автономды халық комиссариаттарына: ішкі істер (почта және телеграф басқармасынсыз), әділет, халық ағарту, денсаулық сақтау, әлеуметтік қорғау, жер шаруашылығы жатты. ҚазАКСР-і құрылған кезде барлығы 13 халық комиссариаты болды..

Бірақ олардың саны мен бағыныштылығы кеңінен өзгерістерге ұшырап тұрды. 1924 жылы Орта Азия мен Қазақстанда үлкен тарихи-саяси маңызы бар оқиға болды. Түркістан АКСР-і Бұқар және Хорезм кеңестік республикалары тарады. Олардың орнына одақтас республика мәртебесінде өзбек КСР-і мен Түркімен КСР құрылды. Тәжік АКСР-і өзбек КСР-нің құрамына кіріп, 1929 жылдан одақтас республика болды. Қырғызтан алдында РКФСР құрамындағы автономиялы облыс болып, 1926 жылдың баснынан авономиялы республика мәртебесін алды. Осының алдында 1922 жылы 30 желтоқсанда Кеңес Социалистік Республикалар Одағы (КСРО) құрылған еді. Түркістан республика құрамындағы Сырдария және Жетісу облыстарының қазақ жерлері ҚазАКСР-нің құрамына өтті. Бұл орталықтың күштеп жүргізген шаралары Орта Азия мен Қазақтандағы әкімшілік-территориялық межелеу деп аталды. Орынбор қаласы мен губерниясының бір бөлігі Ресейдің қарамағына өтті. Жаңа астана Қызылорда қаласына көшірілді.Қарақалпақ автономиялы облысы құрылып, Қазақстан құрамында Мәскеудің бір жақты шешімімен 1932 жылы өзбек КСР-нің құрамына көшті. Осылай Қазақ жерлері біртұтас ҚазақАКСР-і құрамына топтасты. Бұл аса ірі тарихи-саяси мәні бар оқиға болды. Ежелгі Қазақ жерлері бір мемлекеттіліктің аумағына қайтарылып, шекаралары белгіленді. Осы кезеңде Қазақстанның жер көлемі 2.927.614 кв. км, халқы шамамен 6,5 млн. адам болды, олардың 55,5 %-і қазақтар, 25,3 %-і орыстар, 9 %-і украиндар, 3,7%-і өзбектер, қалғандар басқа халықтар болды. 924 жылы өзбек, Түркімен республикалары, 1929 жылы Тәжік республикасы одақтас республика мәртебесін алғанымен, Қазақстан 1936 жылға дейін автономиялы республика болып қала берді. Орталық осылай шешті. Бірақ Қазақстанның одақтас республика болатындай қажеттіліктің бәрі бар еді. Осы жағдайды пайдаланып, 1924 жылы Киробкомның (қазақ обкомның) басшылары В.Нанейшвили, С.Қожанов, ҚазОАК-тың уақытша төрағасы Ә.Жанкельдиндер Мәскеудегі орталықтың алдына Қазақстанды одақтас республика етіп қайта құруды негіздеп ұсыныс қойды. Бірақ бұл ұсыныс қолдау таппады. Осыдан кейін 1926 жылы Мәскеуде Т.Рысқұлов өткізген ұ

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