THE SECTARIAN ATTITUDE IN THE SVARGAKHANDA .

We have already indicated that the present form of the Svargakhancla is a revision by Vishnu worshippers who were undoubtedly Bhagavatas as per suggestions in a number of passages contained in it. For instance in chapter I. lid and chapter V. 71 d Bharata [alias Sarvadamana) is called a Mahabhagavata for his devotion to Vishnu; so also is Dhruva, son of king Uttanapada and a great devotee of Vishnu, in Chapter XII. 80b; in chapter VII. 20ab

Narada is said to have been respected by the Bhagavatas in the region of Vishnu; and in chapters 12 and 13 the twelve syllabled Bhagavata Mantra of Vasudeva, viz., om namo bhagavate vasudevaya has been referred to in two verses 1 and fully stated in one 2. According to these Vaishnavas, Vishnu, also called Vasudeva on many occasions, 3 is the highest god and is the same as Narayana 4 5. He has four hands, looks blue like a full-blown lotus, and wears yellow clothes.® He accomplishes the creation, preservation and destruction of the universe even by a mere movement of his brow 6. He is the same as Yajhapurusa and is the inner soul of the universe 7 and in his supreme state he is beyond ‘Pradhanapurusa’ and is identical with the Supreme Brahma (paramam brahma). 8 It is said that the Vaishnavas do not desire the attainment of any region other than that of Vishnu 1 2 and that by selflessly singing the praise of this god one can easily attain final salvation. 1

Though they extol Vishnu as the highest deity, yet it cannot be said that the Vaishnava redactors of the Svargakhamja were antagonistic to aiva. They maintained an attitude of compromise to this deity. T hey were of opinion that by singing the praise of both Hari and Hara one could attain final redumption or at least the close proximity of these two deities. 3 These Vaishnavas, however, subordinated Shiva to Vishnu when they said that people who had no devotion to Hari but who devoutly worshipped Shiva could attain the state of Pisacas, 4 that a songster, who failed to attain the blissful state of existence by singing songs, became an attendant of Rudra and lived happily with him, 5 and that the Bhutas, Pisacas and other attendants of Rudra who had little merit, became the devotees of Mahesa. 6 This attitude of the Vaishnavas was developed as a corollary of their desire to influence the Shaivas, as well as the Shaktas, who have been mentioned on two occasions 7 with their professions and practices (including fast on Ekadast tithi, of which much has been said in several places).

GRAMMATICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE SVARGAKHANDA.

In the Svargakhanda, interesting cases arc not rare where have crept in some forms which can hardly be regarded as grammatical in the true sense of the term.

Such free usages irrespective of grammatical justification and propriety are shown below.

I. Euphonic Combination:—

There are cases where the euphonic combination has been neglected between the words within a foot of the metre, although it is compulsory according to the injunctions of Sanskrit grammar.

Omission of the euphonic combination between the last syllable of a foot and the first syllable of the following foot is not rare. Euphonic combinations between the last syllable of the second and the first syllable of the third has not been taken into consideration.

There are cases of wrong euphonic combination in q^-S^JR: b) instead of q^qq 3TFR: and in qqftqR c) instead of cRR5snq \

It is seen that in most of these cases, the rules of the euphonic combination have not been followed on account of the-metre.

II. Noun Inflection:—

There are a few cases where the verbs which generally have double objects, lost one. This unusual departure, however, may be sanctioned by grammarians.

Instead of the expected fourth case-ending in connection with the Toot ^T, i. e., to give or with the roots expressing the same meaning, second, sixth or seventh case-endings have been frequently used.

By the Paninian rule 3l#l4^T 3S#fej (R.^.HR) the sixth case-ending in connection with the roots conveying the sense of remembciing is expected; but in the Svargakhand,a the poet freely uses second case-ending in such cases. It is to be noted, however, that instances are not rare in epic or classical literature which bespeak of the violation of this rule of Panini. 3

mr (3.V® d) instead of W 3 Wife c) instead of Wife; Wtf«TaEF3FT JT Wife;

(3.^ a) instead of 3 Wife; WR) fasti gfeq:

(3AS d) instead of W<ft fag: #:; wfe R (<^ c)

instead of wfa R \

There are also a few cases where intransitive verbs have been used as transitive governing an instead of WJmra be) instead ofdf|^ WWfH; [ If the fafq is used in the sense of other than TO, the second case-ending iSj of course justified]; gfq. c) instead of Ww n) i The seventh case-ending has once been erroneously used where there should be third or fifth case-ending.

Instead of the expected sixth case-ending which would have been proper, fourth case-ending has been freely used.

There is one case where the writer has erroneously derived a word and also did not pay attention to its proper case-ending.

3TO c) instead of 3TO ^fmqj

The fourth case-ending has once been used in the sense of ablative.

c) instead of I Sometimes case-ending in noun and its qualifying adjective differs.

fi?T (sh.V< a) instead of ITOfTO ^ 1

The root Sffchas been used with dative (n.u c) I III. Uses of Nouns as Adjectives and vice versa:—

Sometimes nouns have been used in the sense of adjective V. Comparison of Adjectives:—

The suffix <jfnrwhich is generally used in the superlative sense has once been used to convey the comparison between the two.

d) instead of I VI. Compounds:—

compound formed of fq and is fqiTRr— a feminine word ending in srr and being declined as 3 cTT |

cd) instead of

I The compound ends with the third case-ending I3irei5R?lT c) instead of \

VII. Conjugation of Verses:—

A. Cases are not rare when verbs have been erroneously conjugated.

fWfsjT: (VVa b) instead of 5TTrl?I.f)

instead of STT^; (^.d d) instead of 35^Tfr|’j 55 To?T3Rt4'

WM b) instead of STSWRl; ^ USfte, e) instead of W; c) instead of a, ^ f)

instead of {VkAS c) instead of ^ (sh0.^ b)

instead of (3^® c) instead of |

B. Present potentials have wrongly been used in some cases where present indicative would have been justified, (A.R© c) in the sense of smwfo; Tpsifo (U.Va a) in the sense of T=5ejffi; c) in the sense of 1 feminine as ^1# or by grammar. We find (R^.d a) in the sense of¥fq%; qfq^rf (shTR£ c) in the sense of qfqqfa 1

Its contrary ex:mole is also found. Past has been used in the sense of present potential. sirate. a) in the sense of m?l\

Perfect has been used with a nominative in the first person. wira wmU mmm: c d) i G. The rules of qw|q<f and sqfR^rqcf have not been strictly adhered to as we often find verbs conjugated in the unusual way. The root gt^has been conjugated in frequently.

Similarly its contrary examples are not rare. The verbs which are generally used in amqfTq^ have been used in D. Non-causative has been used to convey the sense of causative.

c), in the sense of 3rfq§ (R?.^d), in the sense of aiqfqg \

VIII. The Gerund: Sometimes the affix has been added to roots to which no preposition is prefixed.

Similarly the affix has been added to roots to which a preposition is prefixed.

LIST OF UNKNOWN AND RARE WORDS IN THE SVARGAKHA1NDA.

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