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Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.





Образец выполнения к упр. № 1 (см. табл. № 8)

1) A new production line has been developed recently by the engineers. Новая производственная линия была недавно разработана инженерами.
Has been developed – Present Perfect Passive от гл. “to develop”
2) I was told about it only yesterday. Мне рассказали об этом только вчера.
Was told – Past Simple, passive от глагола “to tell”.
3) The new discovery is much spoken about. Об этом новом открытии много говорят.
Is spoken about – Present Simple, passive от гл. “to speak about”.

 

Образец выполнения к упр. № 2 (см. табл. № 8)

1) The student reading a newspaper is my friend Студент, читающий газету, мой друг.
Reading – Participle I от глагола “to read” в функции определения.
2) (While) reading this article we learned many new facts Читая эту статью, мы узнали много новых фактов.
(While) reading – Participle I от глагола “to read” в функции обстоятельства.
3) The letter was written by my brother. Письмо было написано моим братом.
Written – Participle II от глагола “to write”. Входит в состав сложной глагольной формы для образования Past Simple Passive.

 

Образец выполнения к упр. № 3(см. табл. № 14)

1) Reading books is useful. Читать книги (чтение книг) полезно.
Reading – Gerund от глагола “to read” в функции подлежащего.
2) We enrich our knowledge by reading books. Мы обогащаем наши знания, читая книги (с помощью чтения книг).
Reading – Gerund от гл. “to read” в функции обстоятельства.   Образец выполнения к упр. № 4 (см. табл. № 15)
1. He was to come at 5. Он должен был прийти в 5 часов.
to come – Simple Infinitive, active в составе сложного сказуемого после модального глагола
2. Here is the letter to be sent at once. Вот письмо, которое надо отправить сразу же.
to be sent – Simple Infinitive passive в роли определения
3. He was the first to solve the problem. Он первым решил задачу.
to solve – Simple Infinitive active в роли определения после выражения “the first”.

 

Вариант 1

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

 

1. The greatest difficulty to the practical use of solar power: the production of energy when the sun is not shining will be overcome.

2. The gas turbine is being used in such application as electric power generation.

3. The turbine efficiency is adversely affected by a decrease in the pressure drop through the turbine.

 

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. All the work done by the turbine comes from the energy in the steam flowing through the turbine.

2. The steam impinges on the wheel blades causing the wheel to rotate.

 

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. After condensing the steam is transformed from heat to the water.

2. The method for storing and transporting flue gases becomes criticized.

 

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1) To recover waste energy two major types of hardware are required: combustion equipment and heat transfer equipment.

2) Parameters to be measured in a control experiment include density and temperature of the fuel.

 

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

1. The steam generating unit consists of a furnace, a boiler, superheater, economizer and an air heater. The fuel is burned in a furnace. The boiler is composed of a drum. The water level in the drum is mentioned at about mid-point, which permits separation of the steam from the water. There is a bank of inclined tubes which are connected to the drum and permit water to circulate from the drum through the tubes and back to the drum. The hot products of combustion from the furnace flow across the boiler tubes and evaporate part of the water in the tubes. The furnace walls are composed of tubes which are also connected to the boiler drum and form very effective steam generating surface.

2. The steam which is separated from the water in the boiler drum then flows through a superheater. The superheater is a coil of tubes surrounded by the hot products of combustion. The temperature of the steam is increased in the superheater and the superheated steam flows through a piping to the turbine.

 

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из второго абзаца Past Participle (Participle II), укажите его функции и переведите.

 

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте первый абзац и ответьте на вопрос:

How is the steam separated from the water in the boiler?

Вариант 2

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

 

1. This discovery will be a world break-through (достижение).

2. The furnaces are being partly water cooled.

3. Proper treatment of the coal at the correct time is effected on its passage through the furnace.

 

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. Thermal analysis concerning combustion involves the heat and the temperature.

2. Each disk carrying the moving blades is perforated thus maintaining the same pressure on both sides of the wheel.

 

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. The cooling water after passing through the condenser is pumped to a cooling tower.

2. The equipment for producing the fluid is divided into two major classes: pumps for handling liquids and fans, blowers and compressors for handling gases and vapors.

 

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1) To lower the temperature of the cooling water by artificial means would require additional energy.

2) An additional factor to be considered is the cost and maintenance of cooling system.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

The steam power plant

1. The function of a steam power plant is to convert the energy in nuclear reactions or in coal, oil or gas into mechanical or electric energy through the expansion of steam from a high pressure to a low pressure in a suitable prime mover such as a turbine or engine. A noncondensing plant discharges the steam from the prime mover at an exhaust pressure equal or greater than atmospheric pressure. A condensing plant exhausts the steam from the prime mover into a condenser at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. The general central station plants are condensing plants because their sole output is electric energy. Industrial plants are frequently noncondensing plants because large quantities of low-pressure steam are required for manufacturing operations.

2. The steam-generating unit consists of a furnace in which the fuel is burned, a boiler, superheater and economizer, in which high pressure steam is generated, and an air heater in which the loss of energy due to combustion of the fuel is reduced to a minimum.

 

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца причастия в функции определения и переведите.

 

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац и ответьте на вопрос:

What is the function of a furnace and an economizer?

 

 

Вариант 3

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

 

1. A stable chemical compound to store the energy has been produced by the scientists.

2. Some boilers are bottom supported.

3. A large energy drop can be dealt with in the first pressure stage of the impulse turbine.

 

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. The classification of the injectors is based on the fource of energy used to break up the liquid.

2. The double suction permits forces acting on the impeller to be balanced, thus reducing the axial thrust on the shaft.

 

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. If steam is required for processing, a turbine may be modified by extracting the steam.

2. There are two general methods of firing fuel commonly used: a) on stationary grates, b) on stockers.

 

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. Combination of radial and convective heat transfers are used to improve the effectiveness of heat transfer.

2. The materials to be used for the construction of the modern boilers are described in this book.

 

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

1. In 1882 Thomas Edison (1847–1931) started to Pearl Street Station (электростанция на Перл-стрит) in New York for the purpose of supplying electricity to the users of the new incandescent lamp. Thus was laid the foundation for great central station industry which now supplies the general public with electric light and power.

2. Parsons (1854–1931) patented a reaction turbine in 1884, and in 1889 de Laval (1845–1913) was granted patents on an impulse turbine. By 1910 the steam turbine had replaced the reciprocating steam engine in the central station industry.

3. During the last decade, the gas turbine in the form of turbojet engines has replaced the reciprocatinh internal combustion engine in the military combat airplane and the faster and larger commercial aircrafts. The gas turbine is also being used in such applications as electric power generation, natural gas transmission line pumping, and locomotives.

4. The development of the rockets revolutionized warfare with guided missiles and earth satellites. Since the rocket carries its own supply of oxygen for the burning of its fuel, it is capable of operating at altitudes where the earth’s atmosphere is highly rarefied.

 

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца герундий. Определите его функцию в предложении и переведите.

 

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте третий абзац и ответьте на вопрос:

What are the general uses of a gas turbine?

 

 

Вариант 4

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

 

1. The Sun energy 61 days in a crystal has been managed to store by Japan.

2. The efficiency of the overall recycle has been affected by the feedwater heater.

3. The choice of material for condenser tubes is influenced by cooling water corrosive in nature.

 

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. These plants produce a great quantity of liquid and gaseous wastes containing chlorinated hydrocarbons.

2. As the oxidation rate increases, the temperature gradually rises, increasing the rate of oxidation and hence the rate of temperature rise.

 

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. When steam is needed within the power plant itself for heating boiler feed water, nonautomatic extraction is generally used.

2. It is important for industries to investigate the possibility of recovering the millions of calories of heat that are lost every day.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. The tubes to be made of this metal will be used in different kinds of boilers.

2. An economizer and an air heater are provided to cool the products of combustion to the low temperature necessary for high efficiency.

 

 

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

1. James Watt (1736–1819), an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, while repairing a model of Newcomen engine, noticed the large waste of energy due to alternately heating the steam cylinder with steam and cooling it with injection water.

2. He realized that this loss could be reduced by keeping the cylinder as hot as possible with insulation. He understood that it was possible to use a separate condenser or water-cooled chamber which could be connected to the steam cylinder at the necessary time by a valve.

3. Later he closed the top of the steam cylinder with a cover or cylinder head, introduced steam alternately on both sides of the piston and thus made the engine double acting. He invented a governer to regulate the speed of the engine, a slide valve to control the admission, expansion and exhaust of the steam, a pump to remove the air and condensate from the condenser, and, in fact, brought the steam engine to a fairly high state of development.

 

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца причастие в функции обстоятельства и переведите.

 

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац и ответьте на вопрос:

What invention was patented in 1769 by James Watt?

Вариант 5

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

 

1. The molecular structure of the substance has been changed when exposed to sunshine.

2. This problem is being studied by a group of specialists.

3. The number of pressure stages in the impulse turbine is affected by the available heat drop.

 

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. The high gas temperatures caused increased slagging of the boiler surface.

2. Valves are opened periodically and some of the boiler water is blown to sewer, thus carrying out of the system the impurities.

 

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

 

1. The tubular air heater is constructed by expanding vertical tubes into parallel tube sheet.

2. The American Society for testing materials had adopted a test procedure for determining the ignition temperature of liquid combustibles.

 

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

1. The function of the economizer is to supply the boiler with wet steam and feed water.

2. To overcome the limited output at the exhaust end turbines are usually of multi-cylinder type.

 

 

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

1. Thomas Newcomen (1663–1729) invented his steam engine in 1705 to pump water from English coal mines. This machine was developed by 1720 and remained in use for 50 years.

2. In 1763 a self-taught man (самоучка), the son of a Russian soldier Ivan Polzunov (1728–1766) worked out the prodject of the first universal steam engine. The construction of the engine involved great difficulties due to lack (из-за недостатка) of necessary instruments, qualified assistants and in general lack of help and support. Polzunov had to do everything with his own hands. Polzunov’s engine had been working from August to November 10, 1766, when it was stopped and put out of operation because of a leak in the boilers. But Polzunov did not live to see the results of his work. He died in poverty on May 27, 1766.

3. Later, in the course of the industrial revolution in England, a number of inventors designed steam engines because the demand for these machines was urgent. A prominent place among these early inventors belongs to James Watt, an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow who perfected Newcomen’s engine.

 

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из второго абзаца эквивалент модального глагола, выражающего долженствование. Переведите его.

 

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте третий абзац и ответьте на вопрос:

Why did many inventors try to design a steam engine in the course of the industrial revolution?

 







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