Theme 24. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSORY SYSTEMS.

Questions to oral and test answers:

1. Concept about sensory systems or analyzers. Significance of sensory systems for perception of the environment.

2. Structurally-functional organization of a sensory system.

3. Receptors. Regulation of functions and specificity of receptors. Adaptation of receptors.

4. Conduction part of a sensory system. Specific and unspecific channels of information transfer.

5. Cortical part of a sensory system. Localization of afferent functions areas in a cortex. Interaction of sensory systems.

6. Sensory functions of a brainstem, bridge, thalamus and a cortex of large hemispheres.

7. Coding of information and processing it in various parts of a sensory system.

Questions to written preparation:

1. Describe general (common) properties of analyzers.

2. Describe principles of structural and functional organization of sensory systems.

3. Write a classification of receptors.

4. To describe the mechanism of receptors excitation.

5. To draw the scheme of a simple afferent circuit (information processing in sense organs).

6. To formulate the Weber - Fehner law.

Theme 25. SOMATOSENSORIAL SYSTEM. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF A PAIN AND PAINLESS.

Questions to oral and test answers:

1. Structurally-functional organization of a somatosensorial system.

2. Skin reception. Kinds of skin sensitivity.

3. Proprioception. Muscular and jointer reception: types of receptors, structure, function.

4. Physiological fundamentals of a pain. Nociception, classification of nociceptors (C. Sherrington).

5. Nociceptorial system, it structurally-functional organization, conducting paths and levels of information processing. Physiological significance of a pain.

6. Antinociceptorial system, it structurally-functional organization, opiation and unopiation mechanisms, physiological role.

7. Physiological mechanisms of a painless.

Questions to written preparation:

1. Schematic represents a structure of somatosensorial system and indicates on it main parts and channels of information transfer.

2. Draw the scheme of main conducting paths of somatosensorial system.

3. Draw kinds of skin receptors and indicate their localization and function.

4. To draw the scheme of muscular spindle.

5. On an example of irradiation pain show the scheme of the theory of a convergence and facilitation.

6. Draw the scheme of origin of a reflected pain.

THEME 26. A VISUAL SENSORY SYSTEM.

Questions to oral and test answers:

1. Structurally-functional organization of a visual sensory system.

2. Receptors of the visual analyzer.

3. Structure and function of the retina. A blind spot.

4. Refraction and accommodation. Conduction and cortical parts of a visual sensory system.

5. Shaping a visual image.

6. Modern theories about perception of colour.

Questions to written preparation:

1. Draw a ways of rays and image on a retina in a reduced eye.

2. Draw the scheme of a refraction of myopia and hypermetropia.

3. Describe the photochemical phenomena in a retina of an eye.

4. Draw electroretinogramme. Indicate it of the constituents, their origin.

5. Describe the theories colour vision. The main forms of violation perceptions of colour.

Practical works:

1. Determination of the vision sharpness.

2. A research of an accommodation of the eye.

3. Determination of the vision field.

4. A research of colour vision.

Theme 27. AN ACOUSTICAL SENSORY SYSTEM. A VESTIBULAR SENSORY SYSTEM.

Questions to oral and test answers:

1. Structurally-functional organization of an acoustical sensory system.

2. Condaction and cortical parts of an acoustical sensory system.

3. Central mechanisms of the analysis of sound information. The theory of perception of sounds.Binaural hearing.

4. Structurally-functional organization of vestibular sensory system. Receptorial, conduction and cortical departments.

5. Perception of a position of a head in space.

Questions to written preparation:

1. Draw the scheme of the acoustical analyzer and indicate in it main structures.

2. Draw the scheme of a structure a cochlea.

3. Describe the electrical phenomena in a cochlea.

4. Describe sound sensations: acoustical sensitivity, binaural hearing.

5. Draw the scheme afferential and efferential connections of vestibular apparatus.

6. Draw the scheme of a structure of an otolith apparatus.

7. Describe impellent responses of vestibular analyzer.

Practical work:

1. Research bone and air conductivity.

2. Research of binaural hearing.

The submodule 8.

PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF BEHAVIOUR

Specific Aims:

1. To explain the physiological fundamentals of research methods of highest nervous activity (HNA): formation, preservation and inhibition of conditional reflexes; an irritation and damage of structures of a anterial brain, that participate in highest integrative functions of the CNS; registration of induced potentials at EEG.

2. To explain mechanisms of origin of biological needs and motivations and their role in shaping of the inherent and bought forms of behaviour of an organism.

3. To analyze the adjustable parameters of homeostasis and to explain a structure of a total behavior act (functional system of a behavior)

4. To explain the mechanisms of shaping emotions, their role in behavioural responses of an organism according to physiological criterions of emotions.

5. To analyze the age features of highest nervous activity (behavioural responses) of an organism.

6. To explain the properties of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition, that stipulate a type of a nervous system (force, steadiness and mobility).

Theme 28. HIGHEST NERVOUS ACTIVITY (HNA). PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF BEHAVIOUR.

Questions to oral and test answers:

1. Concept about highest nervous activity (HNA), methods of it research. The thesis by I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov in development of scientific HNA researches.

2. Physiological fundamentals of behaviour. Needs and motivations, their physiological mechanisms, their role in shaping of behaviour.

3. Inherent (unconditional) forms of behaviour. Instincts, their significance for adaptational activity of an organism.

4. Bought (conditional) forms of behaviour, their significance for adaptational activity of an organism. Rules of formation of conditional reflexes (I.P. Pavlov).

5. Inhibition of conditional reflexes. Types and significance of inhibition.

6. Emotions their types, mechanisms of shaping, biological role. The theories of emotions.

7. Motivation and emotions.

Questions to written preparation:

1. Write a classification of conditional reflexes.

2. Draw the scheme of formation of temporary neural connection.

3. Draw the scheme of inhibition of highest nervous activity.

4. Draw the scheme of emotions spreading in an organism.

5. Write a classification of motivations.

The inclusive module 9.

HIGHEST NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF THE PERSON

Specific Aims:

1. To explain mechanisms of integrative activity using of analysis of a role of different structures new cortex of head brain.

2. To explain the mechanisms of integrative activity of new cortex in shaping of language at the person and to evaluate it a condition to physiological criterions.

3. To explain the physiological fundamentals methods of a research of a nervous system of a person.

4. To explain mechanisms of integrative activity of a head brain, that stipulate processes of consciousness, thinking, sleep and it types.

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