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Draw a scheme of the cylindrical lithium-ion battery. ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 2 из 2 A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell. They are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect and low self-discharge.
Describe the main characteristics of the battery: voltage, capacity, specific energy. The amount of energy that can be stored in the battery, is called its capacity. It is measured in ampere-hours. A AB 100 Ah capacity can supply the load current of 1 A for 100 hours, or 4 amps for 25 hours, and the like, although the capacity of the battery decreases with increasing discharge current. In the market sold the batteries with capacities from 1 to 2000 Ah. To extend the life of a lead acid AB desirable to use only a small fraction of its capacity before recharging. Each process is called discharge-charge cycle battery, but not necessarily completely discharge the battery. For example, if you discharge the battery for 5 or 10%, and then re-charge it - is also counted as 1 cycle. Of course, the number of possible cycles will be very different at different depths of discharge. If it is possible to use more than 50% of the energy stored in the AB before its charge, without noticeable degradation of its parameters, such battery called battery "deep discharge". The voltage on the battery is often the main parameter by which to judge the state and the battery's charge. This applies particularly to sealed batteries that have not possible to measure the density of the electrolyte. The voltage at a charge, discharge and lack of power are very different. To determine the degree of charge of the battery voltage is measured at its terminals in the absence of a charging and discharge currents for at least 3-4 hours. During this time, the voltage usually has time to stabilize. The value of the voltage when charging or discharging will not say anything against the state or the state of charge of the battery. Approximate dependence of the degree of charge of the battery voltage at its terminals in idle mode is shown in the table below. These are typical values for starter batteries with liquid electrolyte. For sealed batteries (AGM and gel) is usually the voltage is slightly higher (you need to ask the manufacturer) - for example, AGM batteries are fully charged when the voltage is 13-13,2V (compare with the voltage of starter batteries with liquid electrolyte 12,5-12,7V). Specific energy, or gravimetric energy density, defines battery capacity in weight (Wh/kg); energy density, or volumetric energy density, reflects volume in liters (Wh/l). Products requiring long runtimes at moderate load are optimized for high specific energy; the ability to deliver high current loads can be ignored. The C-rate specifies the speed a battery is charged or discharged. At 1C, the battery charges and discharges at a current that is on par with the marked Ah rating. At 0.5C, the current is half and the time is doubled, and at 0.1C the current is one-tenth and the time is 10-fold. A load defines the current that is drawn from the battery. Internal battery resistance and depleting state-of-charge (SoC) cause the voltage to drop under load, triggering end of discharge. Power relates to current delivery measured in watts (W); energy is the physical work over time measured in watt-hours (Wh). Watts and Volt-amps (VA). Watt is real power that is being metered; VA is the apparent power that is affected by a reactive load. On a purely resistive load, watt and VA readings are alike; a reactive load such as an inductive motor or fluorescent light causes a phase shift between voltage and current that lowers the power factor (pf) from the ideal one (1) to 0.7 or lower. The sizing of electrical wiring and the circuit breakers must be based on VA power.
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2. Construction and the reaction of zinc-manganese batteries with salt electrolyte