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Example of a spoken calculationHere is a multiplication 146 × 281 (a hundred and forty-six times two hundred and eighty-one), together with all its steps, in the words that an English speaker might say as he was doing it. 281 146 1. Put down two noughts. 2. Two sixes are twelve; put down 2 and carry 1; two fours are eight and one are nine; two ones are two. 3. (Next line). Put down one nought. 4. Eight sixes are forty-eight; put down 8 and carry 4; eight fours are thirty-two and four is thirty-six; put down 6 and carry 3; eight ones are eight and three is eleven. 5. (next line) One times 146 is 146. 6. (The addition) Six and nought and nought is six; eight and four and nought is twelve; put down 2 and carry 1; six and two are eight and one is nine and is ten; put down 0 and carry 1; nine and one are ten and one is eleven; put down 1 and carry 1; two and one are three and one are four. 7. (Total) forty-one thousand and twenty-six. (the example is taken from / Michael Swan. Practical English Usage.– OUP, 1986/ ). E x e r c i s e s
1. Practise reading the following dates. 28 February, 1 May, 25 October, 29 March, 17 August, 25 December 56 B.C., 97 A.D., 878, 1001, 1604, 1917, 1989, 2000, 2005, 1900.
2. Practise reading the following numbers. 105; 189; 200; 247; 967; 1,300; 5,698; 7, 987, 009; 476,309,254. 3. Practise reading the telephone numbers. 76 907 3457; 0854 75499; 2234 06534; 245 3890; 2006 19857; 203 5678; 3389 9877; 4556 5678. Dial 7050 and ask for extension 90.
4. Answer the questions. 1) What’s the date today? 2) When’s your birthday? 3) What’s your date of birth? 4) When’s Christmas Eve? 5) When’s New Year’s Day? 6) What’s the population of your country? 7) What’s your address? 8) What’s the rate of unemployment in your country? 9) What’s the exchange rate between Euro and your currency? 10) What’s your telephone number? 5. Proofread the following sentences for errors in expressions of numbers. 1) We expected 329 members to attend the 3rd annual convention. 2) During the past 10 years, I have moved 22 times. 3) Paula won $2,000,000 as 1st prize in the lottery. 4) The revolutions of the 1840s were a turning point in 19th century European history. 5) 1,139 students attended the rally. 6) We found 4 case studies in section eight of the first-year law book. 7) When she was a schoolgirl, she had a 3.2 average. 8) 225 people died in a plain crash. 9) They bought 12 chairs. 10) It is reported that 3 more soldiers were killed today in Iraq. 11) 135 men and 118 women joined the club last year. 12) A few minutes later a 3rd man entered the room. 13) At the spring graduation ceremonies, the university awarded over 2,000 bachelors’s degrees. 6. Practise reading numerals. Say what numerals are recommended to be written out and why. Hello, and good evening. It is feared that 182 people may have died in a plane crash this morning. The accident happened at 7.20. It was flight 409, going from Singapore to New York. The plane had covered ¾ of the 12,000 mile trip, and had stopped to refuel. Eye witnesses said that the plane had reached its take-off speed of 150 mph when a fire broke out in the rear engine. 106 people managed to escape the blaze. 672 car workers walked out on strike today in Coventry. They had asked for a pay rise of 8.7%, but the management said they could only offer 5 1/2 %. This would mean an extra ₤7.50 per week. A union spokesman said ‘It’s not enough’. A man armed with a shotgun held up cashiers at the National Bank today and stole ₤ 5,500. Police have appealed for witnesses. The number to ring is 0106 744391. Unemployment figures were released today. Last month there were 3,649,712 registered unemployed. That’s 14.5% of the work force. Over the past year this number has increased by over 260,000. And that’s the end of tonight’s news. Good night.
7. Practise reading numerals. (A) If A is the amount of sales for store T in 1999, then 0.08 A is the amount of decrease and A – 0.008 A = 0.92 A is the amount of sales for 2000. Therefore the desired result can be obtained by dividing A by 0.92 A, which equals 1/0.92 or approximately 109 %. (B) The home valued at $54,000 has 1 1/5 the value of the $45,000 home. Since the one valued at $45,000 is taxed at $1,200, the tax on the $54,000 home should be 1 1/5 × $1,200, or $1,200 + 1/5 ($1,200), which is $1,200 + $240 = $1,440.
8. Translate into English. 1) Пятьдесят одна книга. 2) Сто человек. 3) Триста семьдесят одно заявление. 4) Шестьсот человек. 5) Миллион алых роз. 6) Сотни людей приезжают сюда ежегодно. 7) 427 520. 8) 2 000 покупателей. 9) Двадцать один день. 10) 23 000. 11) 1 250. 12) Тысяча первый турист. 13) Англия выиграла футбольный матч 4: 0. 14) Пятьдесят килограммов. 15) Триста автомобилей. 16) Шестьдесят один грамм. 17) Два миллиона двести тысяч сто одна тонна. 18) Сотни ящиков. 19) Три тысячи один рубль. 20) Трое моих друзей.
Progress Test 1. Spell out the numbers. 1) 503; 2) 6,015; 3) 7,140; 4) 1,910; 5) 2,106.
2. Render the ways of reading the dates in speech. 1) 1900; 2) 1984; 3) 1601; 4) 2000; 5)2003
3. Give ordinals to the following cardinals. 1) one 2) three 3) five 4) nine 5) twelve 6) nineteen 7) forty 8) one hundred 9) one hundred and one 10) four hundred
4. Translate into English. Spell out the numbers when necessary. 1) В библиотеке два миллиона книг. 2) Миллионы людей будут наблюдать за Олимпийскими играми в Греции. 3) «Миллион алых роз» – ее любимая песня. 4) Я поеду десятым автобусом. 5) Откройте книгу на странице 57. 6) 1001 ночь. 7) У Джона третья часть, а у меня две трети акций. 8) Седьмая глава самая интересная. 9) 5245 голосов было для него достаточно, чтобы победить в выборах. 10) Работа завершена на 9/10. 11) 210 гостей прибыли из разных частей страны. 12) Дюжины яблок лежали под деревом. 13) 11 000 человек составляют население этого города. 14) Ему было только 54, но он выглядел очень старым. 15) Я уже прочитал более 450 страниц. 16) Это случилось в 309 году до нашей эры. 17) Он зарабатывает более миллиона в год. 18) Ей где-то от 40 до 50 лет. 19) Они остались на полчаса. 20) Две трети населения проголосовали за него.
Total:40/ ___
K E Y S MODAL VERBS Entry test Unit 2 1. 1) I could read when I was four years old, but I couldn’t write very well. 2) His writing was so bad that I could not read his letter at first, but with an effort I was able to make out what he said. 3) We couldn’t afford to pay for our journey across Africa, but we were able to make it in the end because the bicycle firm could lend us the money. 4) When he arrived in Africa, no one could tell Stanley if Livingstone was alive or dead, but after a long journey, we were able to find him. 5) He can’t have been puzzled by such a simple question. 6) She can’t have been making notes of what he said. 7) He can’t possibly feel more dead than alive. 8) She can’t be keeping to a milk diet. 9) He can’t have been cured of pneumonia so quickly. 10) Where can Silvia be hiding? – I’m looking for her everywhere!
Unit 3 2. 11) May go to Italy 12) May buy a Sedan 13) She may be at her musical classes 14) He may be having his shower 15) He may be out 16) She may be meeting with her friends 3. 17) She might have been crying. 18) She might be interviewed. 19) He might have got a cold. 20) She might be giving injections to the patients. 7. 21) may 22) may, 23) may, 24) could, 25) could, 26) can’t, 27) have been able to, 28) was able to, 29) can.
Unit 4 8. 30) She must have been quite unconscious. 31) The telegram, probably, didn’t come in time. 32) She must have been very careless. 33) They must have misinformed us about the road. 34) The students can’t have passed the tests. They must have misunderstood the rules. 35) The dog, probably, didn’t recognise his master. 36) He wasn’t, probably, very experienced in sailing navigation. 9. 37) The doctor must be examining the patient. 38) She must be preparing her report now. 39) I will not bother you any longer; you must be tired of my talking. 40) Nancy must have been giving her impressions of England for an hour already. 41) They must have been treating him for pneumonia for a month. 10. 42) You must have failed to recognize me, and that is why, you didn’t come up to me. 43) You must have never tried to do it, otherwise you wouldn’t say it was easy. 44) She must have got ill, otherwise she would have been at her office. 45) It must be more difficult than you believed. 46) The light is not on in the house. There must be no one in again. 47) I must be off. 48) You have got many mistakes. You must pay more attention to your grammar. 49) This problem must be dealt with immediately. Unit 5 11. 50) We had to stop at the frontier but we didn’t need to open our cases. 51) We didn’t need to walk. He took us in his car. 52) My employer said, ‘I won’t need your work tomorrow’. 53) Most people think that civil servants do not need to work very hard. 54) Need we vote?
Unit 7 12. 55) They were to have started on Saturday but they changed their minds and started on Sunday. 56) She was to have worn that nice dress at the party but she has burnt it while ironing. 57) He was to have joined us in our trip but something urgent came up in his office. 58) They were to have treated me to a ballet but I caught a cold and didn’t go. 59) He was to have taken his child fishing but they went to a picnic. 60) She was to have kept her birthday party but that day she was away.
Unit 8 13.. 61) Needn’t, 62) Mustn’t, 63) Must hurry; mustn’t, 64) Had to, 65) Have to, 66) Needn’t.
Unit 9 14. 67) Tom shouldn’t have driven on the wrong side of the road. 68) He should have been careful while crossing the road. 69) She should have hired a taxi. 70) She shouldn’t have left her umbrella at home. 15. 71) Why shouldn’t you go to the dean’s office to tell him all about your problems in your group? /Why should I go to the dean’s office? 72) Why shouldn’t you go to the station to meet your friend? 73) Why shouldn’t you want to help your friend? 74) How should I know the reasons? 75) To think that it should have happened!
Unit 10, 11 16. 76) Would, 77) Shall, would, 78) Shall, 79) Won’t, 80) Shall not, 81) Shall, 82) Would. 17.. 83) She must have lost her address. 84) You ought to follow my advice. 85) To think that she should have accepted that offer. 86) Why should I do this? 87) To think that it should have come to this! 88) It is queer that such troubles should have happened to her. 89) If you should see Ann, tell her all about it. 90) You shall listen to my orders! 91) Can't she have failed to get my letter? 92) You might have asked your sister's advice (consulted your sister). 93) He might be afraid of being given an injection. 94) I needn't have waited for the end of this programme. 95) We settled (agreed) that you were not to say anything! 96) You shall not move! You shall stay were you are! 97) He might have been taken into hospital. 98) This will be the house, I hope (I think). 99) She doesn't have to be present during our conversation. 100) Why should I speak to her?!
Review Exercises 1. 1) Will have to; 2) haven’t been able to make; 3) had to get; 4) wasn’t allowed to; 5) haven’t been allowed to work; 6) have had to report. 2. 1) should 2) couldn’t 3) can’t 4) can 5) could 6) shouldn’t 7) may 8) should 9) shall 10) may 11) couldn’t 12) should 13) should 4. 1) should 2) will have to 3) Must 4) Must 5) Should have 6) Must 7) will have to 8) should 9) should 10) had to 5. 1) may, 2) must, 3) mustn’t 4) mustn’t, 5) may, 6) could, 7) couldn’t, 8) may, 9) may, 10) can, 11) can’t have taken, 12) must, 13) may have left, 14) must have met 6. 1-a 2-b 3-b 4-b 5-a 6-b. 7. 1) It is odd that the new trainee should hand in his notice already. 2) It is normal that some students should feel a little homesick in their first week here. 3) It is incredible that he should complain now, right at the end of his course?. 4) It is important that children should be taught the difference between right and wrong. 5) It is strange that she should have left without saying anything. 6) It is not insisted that you should let your feelings run away with you. 7) A bystander warned that we should go to the police. 8. Could /might; can’t; can; must; mustn’t/shouldn’t/oughtn’t to; might/could; will have to; will; ought to; should; might / could; might; should; needn’t; will/shall; shall; must; would; mustn’t/can’t; must/should/ought to; won’t; should/ought to; would; will
Progress Test Unit 2 1. …. 1) Can 2) Is not able 3) Can 4) Could. Can 5) Can, can’t 6) Couldn’t 7) Was able to 8) Managed to 9) Couldn’t 10) Managed to 2. ….. 11) Can you see that man over there? 12) I can smell something burning. 13) I could understand. 14) Could you understand? 15) I can’t see anything. 3. 16) I could skate before I was five. 17) I hope one day we can meet again in more favourable circumstances. 18) It can be very cold here in March. 19) Some supermarket beef can be rather tough. 20) In the end we could communicate with a sign language. 21) If you don’t feel you can make a contribution, just say so. 4.. 22) Could 23) was able to 24) to be able to 25) can 26) be able to
Unit 3 5. 27) may 28) can 29) may 30) might 31) might 32) could. 6.. 33) You might have had the prescription made up on the way home: 34) You might have warned me about a change in the time-table. 35) You might have come to see me when I was ill. 36) You might have bought some oranges at the market. 37) You might have been more polite to the aged. 38) You might have stopped interfering in my affairs. 7. 39) Irene may have taken it with her. 40) She may have gone to a dentist. 41) I may have been keeping to a strict diet of salads and very little meat too long. 42) His pain may have been bothering him too long.
Unit 4 8. 43) He must have got all he needed. 44) She must be ill. 45) The boy must be reading something funny. He was smiling all the time. 46) The hotel rates must be very high in summer. 47) Jim must be taken ill with flue. 48) They must have never realized what opportunity they were losing. 9. 49) He is certain to put up at a hotel. 50) They will probably come and see me here. 51) You will probably see the ceremony with your own eyes. 52) Penny is certain to be x-rayed tomorrow. 53) ‘You’ll probably see Westminster Abbey and Westminster Palace with its largest clock in the country and the famous bell Big Ben. ’ 54) He is certain to give you a piece of advice 55) Evidently, they won’t visit London next year. 10. 56) Must 57) Might 58) Must 59) May 60) Must 61) Must
Unit 5 11.. 62) You needn’t have bought……. 63) Impossible. 64) Imp. 65) You needn’t have come and picked me up; I could have got a taxi. 66) You needn’t have slept on the ……… 67) I needn’t have used cash; I had my credit card with me after all.
Unit 7 12.. 68) a)It wasn’t arranged; b)it was an unfulfilled action. 69) a)It was an arranged plan; b)it was an unfulfilled action in the past.
Unit 8 13.. 70) Mustn’t 71) Will have to 72) Needn’t have come 73) Was 74) Was 75) Must 76) will have to
Unit 10 14.. 77) ~ He suggested that I should go to Italy. 78) ~ She ordered that I should stay in bed 79) ~ She advised that I shouldn’t work so hard. 80) ~ Why should I do it? 81) ~ How should I know him? 82) ~ If you should see her, tell her all about it.
Unit 9, 10, 11 15.. 83) should 84) shall not/will not 85) shouldn’t 86) won’t 87) will 88) will 89) shall 90) shall 91) should 92) should 93) will 94) will
16. 95) He shouldn’t have kept us waiting. 96) This issue should have been solved long ago. 97) You ought to pay more attention to this work. It is very important 98) He suggested that the meeting should be held at 5 o’clock. 99) We insisted that they three should leave the city. 100) Accidents will happen.
MOOD. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Entry Test Unit 3-4 1. 1) с 2) a 3) c 4) a 5) c 6) b 7) a 8) c 9) a 10) b 2. 11) see, will tell 12) don’t hurry, will miss 13) go, shall take 14) receives, will phone 15) as soon as 16) unless 17) phone, will pick 18) changed would earn 19) lived, would do 20) stay, will get/get 3. 21) would say 22) told 23) would say 24) were 25) would think 26) were 27) saved 28) wouldn’t be 29) wouldn't be 30) planned 31) would have better 32) had 33) wouldn’t go 34) would buy 35) would feel 36) wouldn’t buy 37) gave 38) wouldn’t enjoy 39) were able 40) would be 41) knew 42) wouldn’t like 43) will go 44) wouldn’t say 45) were 46) care 47) will see 48) would like Unit 5 4. 49) had come, would have seen 50) didn’t go, would meet 51) would have married, had known, 52) would have been, had happened 53) had been, would have gone 54) had come, would have enjoyed 55) would have got, gadn't argued 56) had known, wouldn’t have got 57) had been, wouldn’t have been able 58) had been, wouldn’t have been 6. 64) had left 65) would be 66) hadn’t done 67) would have 68) were 69) could steal 70) thought 71) would have left
Unit 7 72) he turned up (would turn up) 73) if only all my money hadn’t been lost 74) he had 75) it were snowing (it weren’t snowing) 76) you had kept 77) would come 78) would go 79) hadn’t done 80) stopped 81) you would come
82) I wish it wouldn’t rain tomorrow. 83) If you had phoned me yesterday, I would have taken your books. 84) I shall let my son go there, if he gives up this idea. 85) I wish you could understand it. 86) If I were you, I wouldn’t pay so much attention to this problem. 87) I wish it weren’t so cold today. 88) If you had taken this medicine, you would be well today. 89) We’ll be staying in the café while they are going shopping. 90) He wouldn’t have failed his exam if he had worked harder. 91) I’ll send him a telegram if he doesn’t come tomorrow. 92) I wish he had already arrived. 93) I’ll address him until I have found the solution of this problem. 94) He wished he knew the girl’s address. 95) If I were you, I would have never spoken to her in such a tone. 96) If she didn’t love him, she wouldn’t have followed him. 97) He was the first to speak I wish you had heard him speaking. 98) Now they are laughing at me. I wish I hadn’t shown them these poems. 99) If you had warned me beforehand I would have never gone there. 100) I wish they hadn’t parted. They had always been a nice couple.
Unit 3 8. 1) so long 2) unless 3) provided (that)/as long as/so long as 4) in case 5) provided (that)/as long as/so long as 6) supposing 7) provided (that) 8) provided (that)
Review Exercises 10. 1) had got, wouldn’t need 2) had listened/had been listening, would have heard 3) would have had, hadn’t left 4) were, wouldn’t keep on 5) hear, think 6) stand, will be 7) hold, will be 8) would climb, could get 9) sees/saw, will/would call 10) would make, didn’t worry 11) move, will be 12) hadn’t been/weren’t, wouldn’t have broken
Progress Test 1. 1) d 2) f 3) I 4) b 5) e 6) c 7) h 8) j 2. 9) a 10) g 11) a 12) c 13) a 14) b 15) b 16) a 17) b 18) a 3. 19) would visit 20) correct 21) had 22) is 23) wouldn’t have missed 24) had 25) had been 26) correct 27) hadn’t decided 28) hadn’t gone 4. 29) were 30) would you choose 31) would get 32) didn’t have 33) would have 34) would be able 35) would you try 36) managed 37) would try 38) would try 39) tried 40) would fall 41) had 42) would want 43) would you catch 44) didn’t have 45) would be 46) wouldn’t hurt 47) didn’t eat 48) would either of you be 49) would find 50) didn’t speak 51) would enjoy 52) would begin 5. 53) She wouldn’t have fallen, if it had not been so slippery. 54) If I were you, I would have been chosen the green one. 55) Our team would have won the game, if they had trained a lot. 56) He would have come to your place, if he hadn’t been ill. 58) I wish it were summer now. 59) I wish I had been not so modest. 60) If only I hadn’t been made redundant.
6. 61) If you were not so busy we would go out. 62) I would have never thought it had been possible if I hadn’t seen this with my own eyes. 63) If only he were here. 64) Such a strange thought would have never come to my mind but for the suspicious behavior of this man. 65) But for you I would have never written this article. 66) I would feel so awkward now if I had followed the advice of this man. 67) But for you I would have never managed this work. 68) Even if I kept the letters I would never show them to you. 69) If he knew you were in hospital now, he would surely visit you. 70) I will tell him all the news as soon as I see him. 71) In case (on condition) you pay more attention to the language, you’ll achieve much success. 72) If I were you, I would always speak English. 73) If I were there, I would ring Ann. 74) If I see Con, I’ll ask her to phone you. 75) If I had known it would rain, you should have taken an umbrella with you. 76) Charles would write you if he knew your address. 77) If you hadn’t phoned Carol, everything would be all right. 78) I wish we hadn’t come so late. 79) Even if she had got a bad mark for her exam, she would have gone with us. 80) Sue would look more attractive if she changed the haircut. 81) If I were you, I wouldn’t go there. 82) I wish you had taken this possibility. 83) You wouldn’t have missed this train if you had taken a taxi. 84) What are you going to do tomorrow? If the weather is nice, we’ll go to the beach. 85) He won’t come if his sister isn’t better. 86) If he were not so absent-minded he wouldn’t have lost his books. 87) Even if he had passed the exam he wouldn’t have gone to the theatre with us. 88) We wouldn’t have gone to this shop if we had known the prices. 89) Alice wouldn’t give me such presents if she didn’t love me. 90) What would you buy if you were given a thousand dollars? 91) I wish all the tickets hadn’t been sold yet. 92) If I were you, I would have checked the facts before writing the letter. 93) You’ll see him together with Paula if you stay for some time. 94) You would have never entered the Historical Faculty if you didn’t like History. 95) I will be able to buy the books on condition you lend me some money. 96) I wish she could go to London with us. 97) You should have told him the truth. You wouldn’t have had such an unpleasantness. 98) If you listened to your father’s opinion, you wouldn’t have got into trouble. 99) I wish my parents saw this. 100) On condition my son studies well, I’ll buy him a new bicycle.
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