My Future Speciality: Land Improvement

1. Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

2. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian:

Land improvement is one of the main agricultural trends of scientific and technical progressin agriculture, the most important factor of agricultural production intensification.

Normally, vegetation grows on soil watered by rain. Where rain is so seasonal that it does not meet the requirements of a particular crop or is deficient, the drying of the soil to an ever-increasing degree retards or eventually prevents vegetable growth. Irrigation can compensate for the vicissitudes of nature by supplying water regularly and in sufficient volume. On the contrary, the overmoistened or swampy land needs to be drained before it is possible to use it for agricultural production. Hydroamelioration involves measures to make favourable conditions for vegetable growth: irrigation and drainage, afforestation, river banks strengthening, surface water runoff control, sandy soil and ravines strengthening, carrying out leaching operations, etc.

Over centuries various kinds of techniques and devices were devised to facilitate field irrigation, from inundation canals and simple devices for dipping water from rivers and wells to up-to-date irrigation systems.

Many thousands of people of varied professions are engaged nowadays in hydroamelioration and in branches of water management closely connected with it. One of the key professions among them is that of hydrotechnical engineer specializing in ‘hydroamelioration’. His activity embraces such problems as the rational use of water resources, the construction of water reservoirs, canals, pump stations, the construction of irrigation and drainage systems, etc.

Within the range of his duties lie:

– research into reclamation awaiting areas;

– carrying out research into water resources use and construction of hydrotechnical works;

– rational water use and protection of water resources;

– developing and programming of the tasks of operational planning, monitoring, and control of water;

– distribution process;

– personnel management in individual subdivisions of water economy;

– mastering and inculcation of advanced technology, employment of up-to-date machinery, equipment and material.

For successful realization of his duties a future engineer will need thorough knowledge and skills in many subjects.

Hydrotechnical engineers are trained at higher educational institutions of the country. The leading one among them is National University of Water Management and Nature Resources Use.

It has been training specialists of this profile for over 75 years now.

While at the university, students have to master the following general subjects: strength of materials; building machines; theoretical mechanics; hydrology; descriptive geometry and drawing, a foreign language as well as special subjects such as hydraulic structures; technology, organization and planning of hydrotechnical works; land improvement; water economy; building technology and organization; labour law and environment protection.

Besides taking theoretical training students must have practical one at different hydrotechnical construction sites and enterprises. Practical training for students is a valuable complement to their strictly academic course of studies.

After graduation from the university newly-fledged specialists can work at the land improvement and hydrotechnical sites of the country. They can take up the posts of a foreman, engineer, chief engineer, superintendent or a research worker at research institutes etc. The graduates who demonstrated necessary aptitude to research work can take a post-graduate course in native or other institutes of the country with the view to obtain an academic degree. Besides, the graduates can extend their knowledge by self-education, or at advanced courses, they can also participate in different scientific and technical conferences.

Our university as a Ukrainian institution of higher learning seeks to represent established principles, specific ideals and definite traditions of Ukrainian educational heritage. By means of its curriculum and educational policy it strives to equip the young men and women with occupational competence and scholarly training necessary to meet the emerging needs and arising challenges of new epoch in the life of Ukraine.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. Why is land reclamation so important?

2. In what way can irrigation compensate for the vicissitudes of nature?

3. How can overmoistened lands be used for agricultural production?

4. What measures does hydroamelioration involve?

5. What activities is a hydrotechnical engineer specializing in hydroamelioration engaged in?

6. What are the duties of a land reclamation engineer?

7. What institutions are hydrotechnical engineers trained in?

8. What subjects do future engineers study?

9. What special subjects are necessary for hydrotechnical engineers?

10. Do students have any practical training? Why?

11. Where can graduates from the university work?

12. What positions can they take?

4. Be ready to speak on the following topics:

1. Land improvement as an important branch of water economy.

2. The main duties of a hydrotechnical engineer.

3. Mastering of acquired knowledge and skills.

4. Possibilities of further perfection.

My Future Speciality: Water Supply

And Water Disposal

1. Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations:

2. Read the text and do the tasks that follow:

Water is one of the main factors in man’s life. We use water for domestic, sanitary and industrial purposes. In some localities water is available in unlimited quantities, in others providing a satisfactory supply of water becomes a large engineering task. A water supply system consists of a source of supply, a reservoir for storing water, a treatment plant for removing impurities from the water and a distribution system of pipes for delivering the water.

The development of human society has resulted in the changing of the composition of natural water resources. Rivers, lakes and ground waters contain today a great amount of products of mechanical, chemical and biological pollution.

The waste products are of two general types: sewage and refuse. Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly. The removal of sewage is done by sewers which are a part of a sewerage system. Usual methods of sewage treatment consist of preliminary, primary, secondary or auxiliary treatment.

Rapid industrialization of our country has made the problem of water supply very acute. A number of decrees have been adopted to strengthen the protection of water resources. We need to find new ways of using water in industry and agriculture and of improving the technology of sewage purification.

Engineers specializing in water supply and water disposal, in rational use and protection of water resources are responsible for the fulfilment of this task. In Ukraine they are trained at some higher educational establishments. One of them is National University of Water Management and Naturel Resources Use.

During the training course at the faculty of water management future engineers obtain thorough knowledge of many sciences.

General scientific training is provided for by such subjects as history of Ukraine, political economy, philosophy, politology, higher mathematics, computer science, physics, chemistry, descriptive geometry, drawing, theoretical mechanics, strength of materials, electrical engineering, technology of metals, building materials, a foreign language etc.

General technical training is provided for by hydraulics, geodesy, hydrology, architecture, building constructions, building machines, heating and ventilation etc.

Special subjects include microbiology and chemistry of water, water supply, sewerage, sanitary engineering, pumps and pumping stations, safety engineering, production engineering, economics of water supply and sewerage systems etc.

The study of theory is accompanied by industrial and exploitation training.

Graduates of this speciality deal with surveying, designing, constructing and operating water supply and sewerage systems in residential areas and at industrial enterprises. They work as foremen, construction superintendents, design engineers, surveyors, heads of departments, research workers.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What is one of the main factors in man’s life?

2. For what purposes do people use water?

3. Is water always available in unlimited quantities?

4. What does a water supply system consist of?

5. What has the development of human society resulted in?

6. What kind of substances can we detect today in rivers, lakes and ground waters?

7. What types of waste do you know?

8. How is the removal of sewage done?

9. What methods of sewage treatment do you know?

10. Is the problem of water supply acute in Ukraine?

11. What measures have been taken by our government to strengthen the protection of water resources?

12. Who is responsible for improving the technology of sewage purification?

13. What general scientific subjects do you study at our University?

14. What subjects provide for general technical training?

15. What do special subjects include?

16. Is the study of theory accompanied by industrial training?

17. What posts do graduates of your faculty hold?

18. Have you any ideas as to the new ways of using water in industry or agriculture?

4. Speaking about your speciality:

Step 1. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following words:

factor, sanitary, industry, industrial, industrialization, engineer, engineering, system, reservoir, human, composition, special, speciality, resources, pump, natural, product, production, mechanics, mechanical, chemistry, chemical, biological, general, type, method, problem, decree, protection, technical, technology, to train, training, economy, economics, faculty, mathematics, history, philosophy, physics, geometry, theory, theoretical, to accompany, materials, electrical, metal, hydraulics, geology, hydrology, architecture, to construct, construction, machines, ventilation, microbiology, station, exploitation, design, department.

Step 2. Read the sentences and say whether the following statements are false or true:

1. The development of human society resulted in the changing of the composition of natural water resources.

2. Rivers, lakes and ground waters don’t contain any products of chemical or mechanical pollution.

3. A number of decrees have been adopted to make the problem of water supply very acute.

4. The waste products are of two general types: refuse and impurities.

5. A water supply system consists of a source of supply, a reservoir for storing water, a treatment plant and a distribution system of pipes.

6. The removal of sewage is done by the auxiliary treatment which is a part of a sewerage system.

Step 3. Speak on one of the following subjects:

1. Water in human life. 2. A water supply system. 3. Natural water resources. 4. Types of waste. 5. Types of sewage treatment. 6. The problem of water supply in Ukraine. 7. Posts held by graduates from the University. 8. Subjects for future engineers. 9. The training of future engineers in Ukraine.

8. MY SPECIALITY: HYDROTECHNICAL ENGINEER

1. Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

2. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian:

Hydraulic engineering is an applied science concerned with the utilization of water resources for various needs to the benefit of national economy. It involves construction of hydrotechnical works and the maintenance of existing ones: water power plants, canals, various types of dams, storage ponds, pumping stations, sea and river harbours.

Dam construction is one of the oldest arts practiced by man. Its origin can be traced to the remote past and the most varied parts of the world.

As to the building of hydropower plants that is a comparatively
young branch of hydraulic engineering. Most of the water power in
use has been developed since the first decade of the 20^th century The construction of world’s largest hydroelectric stations began in the second half of the century.

The first hydropower plants were built in our country at the
beginning of the 20^th century. Nowadays Ukraine produces about 295 mlrd. kWhs of electric energy annually. Nearly 4% of it is produced by water power plants.

Most water power schemes are complex environmentally friendly hydrotechnical works. Their reservoirs, besides being the source of electricity, allow to supply people and industry with water, to develop irrigated agriculture and fishery.

Many thousands of people are engaged nowadays in hydropower engineering and in closely connected with it branches of water management. One of the key professions among them is that of hydrotechnical engineer specializing in “hydrotechnical construction of river schemes and water power plants”. His activity embraces such problems as electricity supplies, rational use of water resources, flood control, development of water-way systems and navigation, construction of water reservoirs, etc. In other words, his practical activities are directed to meet demands for water and electricity for human consumption, irrigation, industry.

Within the range of his duties lie:

– carrying on research into water resources utilization and construction of hydrotechnical works;

– river works and water power plants designing;

– ensuring the building, maintenance and reconstruction of existing schemes;

– building process organization and management.

For successful realization of his duty, the future engineer will need thorough knowledge and skills in many engineering, technological and scientific subjects.

Hydrotechnical engineers are trained at higher educational institutions of the country. The leading one among them isNational University of Water Management and Nature Resources Use. It has been training specialists of this profile for over 60 years now.

While at the university, students have to master the following general subjects: strength of materials; building machines; theoretical mechanics; hydrology; descriptive geometry and drawing as well as special subjects such as hydraulic structures; water power plants; technology, organization and planning of hydrotechnical works; water management economy; building technology and organization; labour law and environment protection.

Besides taking theoretical training, students must have practical one at different hydrotechnical construction sites and enterprises. Practical training for students is a valuable complement to their strictly academic course of studies.

After graduation from the university newly-fledged specialists
can work at the hydrotechnical and hydromeliorative sites of the
country. They can take up posts of a foreman, engineer, chief engineer or as research worker at the research institutes etc.

The graduates who demonstrated necessary aptitude to research work can take a post­ graduate course either in native or other institutes of the country with the view to obtain an academic degree. Besides, the graduates can extend their knowledge by self-education, or at advanced training courses, they can also participate in different scientific and technical conferences.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What is hydraulic engineering concerned with?

2. What hydrotechnical works do you know?

3. Is the building of hydropower plants an older art than dam construction?

4. When were the first hydropower plants built in Ukraine?

5. What is the percentage of water power plants in the production of electric energy?

6. What is the key profession in hydropower engineering?

7. What activities does “hydrotechnical construction of river schemes and water power plants” specialization embrace?

8. What are the duties of a hydrotechnical engineer?

9. What is the leading higher educational institution training hydrotechnical engineers?

10. How long has our University been training students in this speciality?

11. What subjects do future engineers study?

12. Where do students of this speciality have practical training?

4. Be ready to speak on the following topics:

1. Hydraulic engineering as a science.

2. The main duties of hydrotechnical engineer.

3. Mastering of acquired knowledge and skills.

4. Possibilities of further perfection.

СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ

1. Білецький А.А., Гончаров С.М., Громадченко В.Ю. Тлумачник термінів з водного господарства. – Рівне: УІІВГ, 1995, для студентів спеціальності "Гідромеліорація". – 108 с.

2. Вакуленко О.Л., Сахнюк О.В., Гудич Н.І., Осецька Н.Ф. Англійська мова для студентів спеціальностей екологія, землевпорядкування, агрономія, грунтознавство: Навчальний посібник. – Рівне: РДТУ, 1999. – 271 с.

3. ВАТ „Укргідроенерго” м.Вишгород, Київська обл., Україна, Видавництво "Дике поле" 2005, /буклет/. – 22 с.

4. Водне господарство в Україні / За ред. А.В.Яцика, В.М. Хорєва. – К.: Генеза, 2000. – 456 с.

5. Востріков В.І., Гурін В.А., Коваленко П.А., Рокочинський A.M. Водна меліорація. Терміни і визначення. Інститут гідротехніки і меліорації УАНН, Держспоживстандарт України, НУВГП, 2005. – 28 с.

6. Востріков В.І., Гурін В.А., Коваленко П.А., Рокочинський A.M. Водне господарство. Терміни та визначення основних понять. Інститут гідротехніки і меліорації УААН, Держспоживстандарт України, НУВГП, 2005 – 28 с.

7. Загальноєвропейські Рекомендації з мовної освіти: вивчення, викладання, оцінювання // Наук. ред. Українського видання С.Ю.Ніколаєва. – К.: Ленвіт, 2003. – 273 с.

8. Клименко М.О., Вакуленко О.В., Сахнюк О.В. Англо-український тлумачнний словник термінів і термінологічних скорочень з екології та охорони довкілля. – Рівне: РДТУ, 2001. – 336 с.

9. Многоязычный словарь по ирригации и дренажу. Гл. ред. К.К.Шубладзе. – М.: Изд-во „Русский язык”, 1978. – 543 с.

10. Пацула М.О., Вакуленко О.В., Сахнюк О.В. Учбові завдання з англійської мови для студентів спеціальностей водогосподарського профілю. – Рівне: УІІВГ, 1991. – 27 с.

11. Програма з англійської мови для професійного спілкування. Колектив авторів: Г.Є.Бакаєва, О.А.Борисенко, І.І.Зуєнок та ін. – К.: Ленвіт, 2005. – 119 с.

12. Російсько-український гідролого-екологічний словник. Яцик В.А., Антонов О.Д., Корбутяк М.В. – К.: Урожай, 1992. – 112 с.

13. Тарнопольський О.Б. Методика навчання іншомовної мовленнєвої діяльності у вищому мовному закладі освіти: Навчальний посібник. – К.: Фірма "УНКОС", 2006. – 248 с.

14. Яцик А.В. Водогосподарська екологія: у 4 т. 7 кн. – К.: Генеза, 2003-2004. – 1960 с.

15. Яцик А.В., Шевчук В.Я. Енцилопедія водного господарства, природокористування, природовідтворення, сталого розвитку. – К.: Генеза, 2006. – 1000 с.

16. Autonomy and independence in language learning / Ed. By P.Benson and P.Voller. – London and New York. Longman. 1997, – 270 p.

17. Improving the perfomance of effluent treatment plant / Environmental technilogy best practice program. – U.K. Crown copyright. 1999, – 32 p.

18. Payne, Peter L. The Hydro. Great Britain: Aberdeen University Press, 1988. – 356 p.

19. Water Resources: environmental planning, management and development / Asit K. Biswas, edifor-in-chief. – New York: MCGrew-Hill, 1997. – 738 p.

CONTENTS

Передмова…………………………………………………………………..
Index of texts………………………………………………………………...
Оснoви науково-технічнoгo перекладу...................................................
Introductory course…………………………………………………………
Unit 1
I. Phonetics:	Letters and sounds.
II. Everyday English:	Social Expressions – 1.
ІІI. Grammar:	1. The Article: a/an, the, ø.
	2. The Noun: Singular and Plural.
Unit 2
I. Phonetics:	Syllable Division. Digraphs. Stress.
II. Everyday English:	Making conversations.
ІІI. Grammar:	1. Personal Pronouns.
	2. Demonstrative Pronouns and Constructions.
	3.To be in Present and Past Indefinite.
Unit 3
I. Everyday English:	How do you feel.
II. Grammar:	1. There + to be. 2. Word Order in Affirmative Sentenences. Types of Questions. Word order in Questions. 3. Indefinite and Negative Pronouns some, any, no.
ІІI. Texts:	1. Water’s Chemical and Physical Properties. 2.Specific heat index and surface tension.
Unit 4
I. Everyday English:	Social Expressions – 2.
II. Grammar:	1. Quantitative Pronouns many, much, (a) few, (a) little, a lot of. 2. Possessive Pronouns: conjoint and absolute forms. 3. The verb to have.
ІІI. Texts:	1. Earth’s Water: Ground Water. 2. The advantages and disadvantages of ground water.
Unit 5
I. Everyday English:	Telephoning.
II. Grammar:	1. The Possessive Case of Nouns. 2. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives. 3. Modal Verbs and their Equivalents.
ІІI. Texts:	1. Agricultural Drainage. 2. Current Practices in Drainage Construction.
Basic course....................................................................................................
Unit 6
I. Grammar:	English Word Building
ІI. Texts:	1. Water Supply and Water Disposal. 2. Water Supply Source.
Unit 7
I. Grammar:	1. Indefinite Tenses: a) Present, b) Past, c) Future.
II. Texts:	1. Methods of Irrigation.
	2. Surface Irrigation.
Unit 8
I. Grammar:	1. Continuous Tenses: a) Present; b) Past; c) Future.
II. Texts:	1. Sprinkler Irrigation.
	2. Types of sprinkler systems.
Unit 9
I. Grammar:	1. Perfect Tenses: a) Present, b) Past, c) Future.
II. Texts:	1. Principles of Subirrigation.
	2.Subsurface Irrigation.
Unit 10
I. Grammar:	1. Perfect Continuous Tenses; a) Present; b) Past; c) Future.
II. Texts:	1. Drip Irrigation.
	2. Protection of Water.
Unit 11
I. Grammar:	1. Subject-Verb Agreement. Attributive word-combinations.
II. Texts:	1. Development of Drainage and Ways of its Effective Use.
	2.Types of drainage.
Unit 12
I. Grammar:	1. Passive Voice
II. Texts:	1. The Kakhovka Irrigation System.
	2. Get Rid of Irrigation Problems.
Unit 13
I. Grammar:	1. Non-finite Forms of the Verb. The Infinitive.
II. Texts:	1. Land Reclamation in the USA.
	2. Movement to Save Seas and Oceans.
Unit 14
I. Grammar:	1. Gerund.
II. Texts:	1. Types of Dams.
	2. Concrete Arch Dams.
Unit 15
I. Grammar:	Participle I, Participle II. Constructions with Participle.
II. Texts:	1. The Use of Water Resources in Land Reclamation.
	2. Water Management of Ukraine.
Grammar reference guide. Граматичний коментар................................
Glossary of terms. Тлумачний словник спеціальних термінів.............
Vocabulary................................................................................
Test keys..........................................................................................................
Professionally oriented texts for autonomous studying and the development of communicative language competences..............................
It is interesting to know. Getting wiser about water….....................
English transliteration of the Russian (Ukrainian) alphabet.....................
Ordinary Everyday English Words and Their Technical Meanings........
Symbols in Chemistry....................................................................................
Прислів’я, вирази та приказки із словом „вода”...................................
Attending a conference. Підготовка конференції.....................................
Ситуативні матеріали із навчального та професійного середовища студентів.........................................................................................................
1. My Life’s Story...........................................................................................
2. National University of Water Management and Nature Resources Use.............................................................................................................
3. My Native Town.........................................................................................
4. Ukraine........................................................................................................
5. Great Britain...............................................................................................
6. My Future Speciality: Land Improvement..............................................
7. My Future Speciality: Water Supply and Water Disposal.....................
8. My Future Speciality: My speciality. Hydrotechnical Engineer............
Список літератури.......................................................................................

[1] M.A.(M.Sc.) – Master's Degree, it is awarded after a year's postgraduate study rather than by thesis. This degree does not correspond to any Ukrainian degree.

[2] Ph.D – Doctorate, this degree is called in full Doctor of philosophy. The name is the same for all faculties, and one may have a Ph.D. in English, or Mathematics, or Geography. A Ph.D. is awarded on acceptance of a thesis which must be an original contribution to knowledge. Research for thisdegree usually takes about three years.

[3] Most business contacts are made in the lobby during the intervals when participants discuss the problems they are keen on in a friendly unofficial atmosphere of coffee breaks or during drinking sesions.

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