UNIT 2 (58). NERVOUS DISEASES.

Autonomic dysreflexia, also called autonomic hyperreflexia, is an exaggerated response of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system that occurs in about 85% of individuals with spinal cord injury. The condition is seen after recovery from spinal shock and occurs due to a lack of control of the autonomic nervous system by higher centers. When certain stimuli, such as occurs with a full urinary bladder, are unable to ascend the spinal cord, mass stimulation of the sympathetic nerves inferior to the level of the injured cord area takes place, and this triggers massive vasoconstriction. In response, the vagus nerve (parasympathetic) causes a decreased heart rate and vasodialation superior to the level of the injury. In addition to a full urinary bladder, the condition may also be caused by stimulation of pain receptors and visceral contractions.

Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by headache, hypertension, flushed, warm skin with profuse sweating above the lesion; pale, cold, and dry skin below the lesion and anxiety. Autonomic dysreflexia is an emergency condition and requires immediate intervention If untreated, it can cause seizures, stroke, or a heart attack.

Autonomic dysreflexia; exaggerated response; superior to the level; occurs due to the lack; inferior to the level; profuse sweating; above the lesion; below the lesion; emergency condition; immediate intervention; can cause seizures; dry skin; heart attack; pain receptors; triggers vasoconstriction; occurs in individuals; recovery from spinal shock; visceral contraction

надмірна реакція; одужання після травми спинного мозку; з повним сечовим міхуром; спричиняти масивне скорочення судин; масова стимуляція симпатичних нервів відбувається нижче рівня пошкодженої ділянки спинного мозку; на додаток до; стимуляція больових рецепторів; скорочення нутрощів; почервоніння шкіри з надмірним потовиділенням; суха шкіра під місцем пошкодження.

1. Autonomic dysreflexia, also called autonomic hyperreflexia, is an exaggerated response of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

3. The vagus nerve (parasympathetic) causes a increased heart rate andvasodialation superior to the level of the injury.

4. The condition may also be caused by stimulation of pain receptorsand visceral contractions.

5. Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by headache; hypertension; flushed, warm skin with profuse sweating above the lesion; pale, cold, and dry skin below the lesion; and anxiety.

7. Autonomic dysreflexia is an emergency condition and requires immediate intervention.

1. My bag is old. I want to buy a new one. 2. This sofa is more comfortable than that one. 3. There are many interesting articles in this magazine, but I have translated only some ones. 4. This film is more interesting than that one. 5. One can see many patients in this hospital. Some new ones were admitted yesterday. 5. I have a black pen, give me a red one, please.

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can have a negative effect on a person's thoughts, feelings, world view and physical well-being. Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, worried, helpless, guilty, irritable, hurt or restless. They may lose interest in activities that once were pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details, or making decisions and may contemplate or attempt suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, loss of energy, or aches, pains or digestive problems that are resistant to treatment may also be present.

Depressed mood is not necessarily a psychiatric disorder. It is a normal reaction to certain life events and a side effect of some medical treatment. Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include menopause, financial difficulties, job problems, relationship troubles, separation. Certain medications are known to cause depressed mood in a significant number of patients. These include Hepatitis C drug therapy and some drugs used to treat high blood pressure, Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases. Depressed mood is also a primary or associated feature of certain psychiatric syndromes such as clinical depression.

A full patient medical history, physical assessment and thorough evaluation of symptoms helps determine the cause of the depression and treat it.

Major depressive disorder (MDD), commonly called clinical depression if a person has one or more major depressive episodes.

Individuals with a major depressive episode or major depressive disorder are at increased risk for suicide. Seeking help and treatment from a health professional reduces the individual's risk for suicide. Epidemiological studies carried out in Europe suggest that, at this moment, roughly 8.5 percent of the world's population are suffering from a depressive disorder. Studies have found that depression appears even in infants as young as 6 months old who have been separated from their mothers.

Unrecognized depressive disorder may slow recovery and worsen prognosis in physical illness, therefore it is important that all doctors be able to recognize the condition, treat the less severe cases, and identify those requiring specialist care.

Atypical depression (AD) is characterized by mood reactivity, significant weight gain or increased appetite ("comfort eating"), excessive sleep or somnolence, a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant social impairment.

Melancholic depression is characterized by a loss of pleasure in most or all activities, excessive weight loss (not to be confused with anorexia nervosa), or excessive guilt.

Psychotic major depression (PMD) is the term for a major depressive episode wherein the patient experiences psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations.

Catatonic depression is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms.

Postpartum depression (PPD) refers to the intense depression experienced by women after giving birth. Postpartum depression, which affects 10–15% of women, typically sets in within three months of labor, and lasts as long as three months.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is also known as "winter depression" or "winter blues". Some people have a seasonal pattern, with depressive episodes coming on in the autumn or winter, and resolving in spring. It affects more females than males.

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