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Lexical means of expressing modality.Lexical means of expressing modality imply the use of different modal words and expressions. They are quite often used in translating English modals into Ukrainian. We frequently find in translation such modal words as НАПЕВНО, ОЧЕВИДНО, МАБУТЬ, ІМОВІРНО, НЕ ДИВНО, БЕЗ СУМНІВУ, НЕ МОЖЕ БУТИ, НЕВЖЕ, etc. The necessity for their use can be explained by a broad paradigm of meanings expressed by most English modal verbs. As an example, let’s take the modal verb CAN (COULD) which can be translated in at least four different ways depending on its contextual meaning. First of all, it can be translated МОГТИ, ВМІТИ when it shows physical and mental ability as well as possibility. E.g. He could swim very well when he was only 3. Він добре вмів плавати, коли йому було лише три роки. You can vote, as you are 18 already. Ви можете голосувати, оскільки вам уже вісімнадцять років. CAN is also translated (НЕ) МОЖНА in case it expresses permission or refusal. E.g. Can I borrow your pen? Можна взяти вашу ручку? You can’t smoke in the room! В приміщенні не можна палити! The same modal verb can be translated as НЕ МОЖЕ БУТИ when it expresses incredulity and doubt. E.g. He can’t have done alone. It’s impossible! Не може бути, що він зробив це сам. Це неможливо! Besides CAN is translated as НЕВЖЕ, ХІБА, when it shows astonishment. E.g. Can they have left so early? Невже вони поїхали так рано? All this proves that the existence of so many different modal meanings expressed by practically each English modal verb accounts for the necessity of using various means in translation. The lexical means of expressing modality are often used while conveying emotionally coloured meanings such as incredulity and doubt, astonishment, all kinds of supposition and urgent request. E.g. They may be waiting for you in the library. (supposition with doubt) Можливо, вони чекають на вас у бібліотеці. He must have had an experience of such work. (supposition with assurance) Він, напевно, мав досвід такої роботи. He’s so clever. He should win the contest. (supposition as to something which is naturally expected) Він такий розумний. Без сумніву, він виграє цей конкурс. You should visit us more often! (an urgent request) Обов’язково приходьте до нас частіше. 1. 5. Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality. Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality imply the use of modal verbs. In translation this way is used only when English modals have direct equivalents in Ukrainian. It usually occurs with such English modals as CAN (COULD), MAY (MIGHT), MUST, NEED, and DARE. They have direct equivalents such as МОГТИ, ВМІТИ, ПОВИНЕН, ПОТРЕБУВАТИ, НАВАЖУВАТИСЯ. These direct equivalents can be used in translation but only in case the above mentioned modals are used to express ability or possibility of different kinds, obligation, necessity, and courage (or lack of courage) to do something. E.g. She can embroider very well. (ability) Вона вміє дуже гарно вишивати. You may find him in after 7. (possibility due to circumstances) Ви можете застати його дома після сьомої години. You must do it in time, whatever may happen. (obligation due to circumstances) Ти повинен зробити це вчасно, що б не сталося. You needn’t have hurried. (lack of necessity) Вам не потрібно було поспішати. How dare you talk to me in such a tone? (lack of courage) Як ви смієте розмовляти зі мною таким тоном? As each modal verb in English normally has more than one meaning we must be very careful in the process of translation. It should be born in mind that direct equivalents are used not too often. We should make sure which of the meanings the modal verb expresses in this particular case and only after that the most appropriate variant can be selected.
Grammatical modality. Grammatical means of expressing modality are different mood forms of the English verb. While translating English modals into Ukrainian we can use the forms of the Indicative, the Imperative, and the Subjunctive moods. The Indicative mood in Ukrainian translation is often used while conveying the meaning of the modal verb CAN followed by verbs of sense perception or mental activity. In this case CAN is not translated at all. E.g. He could feel that something was wrong with her. Він відчував, що з нею щось негаразд She can speak English quite fluently. Вона вільно розмовляє англійською. The Indicative mood is also used in rendering the meaning of the modal verb WILL (WOULD) expressing volition, intention and persistence. E.g. I won’t answer your questions! (lack of volition) Я не відповідатиму на ваші запитання! She would walk in the park for hours. (persistence) Вона годинами гуляла в парку. Besides, the Indicative mood is used in translating sentences with SHALL which expresses warning, threat, and promise. E.g. He shall regret having come here! (warning and threat) Він ще пошкодує, що приїхав сюди! You shall have whatever you like. (promise) Ти матимеш усе, що захочеш. The Imperative mood is often used in rendering the meaning of the modal verbs MUST, SHALL and the expression to BE to+Infinitive when they express all kinds of orders, urgent requests, and instructions. The modal verbs themselves are omitted in translation. E.g. You must stay where you are! (a strict order) Залишайся на місці! You shall go there right now! (compulsion) Піди туди негайно! You must tell me the truth! (an urgent request) Скажи ж мені правду! You are to take this mixture twice a day before meals. (instruction) Приймайте цю мікстуру двічі на день перед їжею. The Subjunctive mood is usually used in translating sentences with the modal verb MIGHT which expresses reproach. E.g. You might have helped your mother with the cleaning! Ти міг би й допомогти мамі з прибиранням!
SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST 7 1. Modal verbs are used a) independently b) with the infinitive c) with the gerund
2. Phonological modality implies a) stress and intonation b) structure and intonation c) stress and structure
3. Lexical modality implies a) modal verbs b) modal words c) mood auxiliary 4. Lexico-grammatical modality implies a) modal words b) modal verbs c) modal expression
5. Grammatical modality implies a) mood forms b) voice forms c) aspect forms
6. Phonological modality is used when a) there are no direct equivalents b) there are direct equivalents c) there are approximate equivalents
7. Lexical modality is used when a) there are no direct equivalents b) there are direct equivalents c) there are approximate equivalents
8. Lexico-grammatical modality is used when a) there are no direct equivalents b) there are direct equivalents c) there are approximate equivalents
9. The modal verb CAN is not translated into Ukrainian when it is followed by verbs denoting a) compulsion and declaring b) wish and intention c) sense perception and mental activity
10. Imperative Mood is used in rendering a) promise b) order c) threat
Lecture 8. Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood Lecture 8   Что делает отдел по эксплуатации и сопровождению ИС? Отвечает за сохранность данных (расписания копирования, копирование и пр.)...  ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ, КОГДА МЫ ССОРИМСЯ Не понимая различий, существующих между мужчинами и женщинами, очень легко довести дело до ссоры...  Живите по правилу: МАЛО ЛИ ЧТО НА СВЕТЕ СУЩЕСТВУЕТ? Я неслучайно подчеркиваю, что место в голове ограничено, а информации вокруг много, и что ваше право...  Что будет с Землей, если ось ее сместится на 6666 км? Что будет с Землей? - задался я вопросом... Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте:
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