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General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 6 из 6 The forms of the Subjunctive mood are frequently found in conditional sentences expressing an unreal condition and consequence. To express an unreal condition, we usually use the forms of the Past or Past Perfect Subjunctive depending on the fact whether the action refers to the Present, future, or no particular time. To express an unreal consequence, we use the Analytical Subjunctive either with the Indefinite or Perfect Infinitive. The choice of the infinitive is predetermined by the time reference. Traditionally to translate these forms into Ukrainian we use corresponding Ukrainian forms. To show an unreal condition we find the Ukrainian conjunction ЯКБИ followed by the verb in the past tense. To express an unreal consequence we use in Ukrainian the verb in the past tense with the particle Б (БИ). Different time reference in Ukrainian translation is expressed only by means of adverbials. E.g. If I knew his address, I would visit him. Якби я з нав його адресу, я б його відвідав. If you had told me about it before, I would know what to do now. Якби ви сказали мені про це раніше, я знав би, що робити зараз. Sometimes the word order in a clause of condition can be inverted. In this case in Ukrainian translation we find the notional verb in the form of the Imperative mood. E.g. Had he learned about it before, everything would have been different. Дізнайся він про це раніше, все було б по-іншому. But the use of the Subjunctive mood is not limited by conditional sentences. It can often be found in simple sentences expressing an unreal wish or just an unreal action. In case of expressing an unreal wish, we use ЯКБИ with the verb in the past tense. Besides we can often find Ukrainian modal particles ЛИШЕ, ТІЛЬКИ, Ж, which emphasize the meaning of the notional verb. E.g. If he had come yesterday! Якби ж він приїхав учора! If only it were true! Якби тільки це було правдою! If the Subjunctive mood expresses an unreal action in a simple sentence or in a coordinate clause of a compound sentence, we use the Ukrainian verb in the past tense and the particle Б (БИ). As usual, the difference in time reference can be seen only from adverbials and context. E.g. I would be so glad to see you tomorrow. Я була б дуже рада зустрітися з вами завтра. They would have discussed it with you yesterday, not now. Вони обговорили б це з вами вчора, але не зараз. I have no time at all, or I would willingly join you. У мене зовсім немає часу, інакше я б з радістю приєднався до вас. I would have stopped and talked to him, but he even didn’t look at me. Я зупинився б і поговорив з ним, але він навіть не глянув на мене.
1. 2. Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood Forms of the Subjunctive mood can be used in different types of object clauses. It often occurs that both synthetic and analytical forms are used in the same type of clause. There’s no difference in their lexical meaning. The Analytical Subjunctive with SHOULD is used in object clauses after the predicate expressed by the verbs TO ORDER, TO INSIST, TO SUGGEST, TO DEMAND, TO REQUIRE, etc. The Present Subjunctive is also possible in this case. In translation into Ukrainian we usually use the conjunction ЩОБ followed by the verb in the past tense. Sometimes the Infinitive can be used in Ukrainian translation. E.g. The teacher demanded that the students (should) hand in their papers. Вчитель вимагав, щоб учні здали свої роботи. He ordered that the work (should) be finished by 5 o’clock. Він наказав закінчити роботу до п’ятої години. The Analytical Subjunctive with SHOULD and the Present Subjunctive can also be used in object clauses introduced by the conjunction LEST which has a strong negative meaning. As a result, the form of the Subjunctive mood, used after it, can be only positive. In translation we usually use the conjunction ЩОБ, followed by the negative form of the notional verb in the past tense. E.g. I fear lest they (should) know about our plans. Я боюсь, щоб вони не дізналися про наші плани. Special care should be taken with object clauses after the predicate TO WISH. In such clauses we find the Past or Past Perfect Subjunctive. Sometimes the Analytical Subjunctive with WOULD can be used. The peculiarity of these clauses is that they are normally translated antonymically when the English positive sentence is rendered in Ukrainian by a negative sentence and vice versa. As a rule the sentence begins with the main clause of the type ЖАЛЬ, ШКОДА, ДАРЕМНО, etc. Direct translation is also possible but the antonymic way is more often used. E.g. I wish you knew all the details. Жаль, що ви не знаєте всіх деталей. He wished she hadn’t learned about it. Він пошкодував, що вона дізналась про це. They wished so much the team would win the match. Їм так хотілося, щоб команда виграла цей матч.
Ways of translating clauses with SHOULD SHOULD is a multifunctional verb. It can be used as a modal verb, a mood auxiliary, and a verb with emotional colouring. As a result its translation requires special care and knowledge of the meaning which is realized in each particular case. If SHOULD is used as a mood auxiliary, its translation follows the general pattern of rendering the forms of the Subjunctive mood according to the type of the clause. E.g. If I knew it, I should tell you everything. Якби я знав це, я усе розповів би тобі. It’s necessary that they should keep all this in secret. Необхідно, щоб вони тримали все це в таємниці. When SHOULD is used in an attributive clause after the phrase IT’S (HIGH) TIME, it’s usually rendered by the infinitive. E.g. It’s time they should start working. Їм час розпочинати роботу. In case the form with SHOULD is used in a conditional clause, it usually expresses a hardly probable action and is translated into Ukrainian using the phrases ЯКЩО РАПТОМ, ЯКЩО ВСЕ-ТАКИ followed by the verb in the future tense. E.g. If you should see her, ask her to call me. Якщо раптом ти її зустрінеш, попроси її зателефонувати мені. Another important thing about SHOULD is the difference in translating sentences with SHOULS used as a mood auxiliary and as a verb with emotional colouring. If SHOULD is used as a mood auxiliary, we introduce the clause with ЩОБ followed by the verb in the past tense. E.g. It’s important that he should come here every day. Важливо, щоб він приходив сюди щодня. If SHOULD is used with emotional colouring, the clause is introduced by the conjunction ЩО followed by the verb in the present or past tense. The choice of the tense in Ukrainian translation depends on the form of the Infinitive. If the Indefinite infinitive is used in English, in Ukrainian we find the verb in the present tense. If the infinitive is Perfect, the past tense is used in translation. E.g. It’s strange that he should come here every day. Дивно, що він приходить сюди щодня. It’s strange that he should have come here every day. Дивно, що він приходив сюди щодня. So, the choice of the appropriate way of translating forms of the Subjunctive mood depends on three factors: 1. the type of the clause; 2. the paradigmatic form of the infinitive which follows the mood auxiliary; 3. the context.
SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST 8 1. The Subjunctive mood presents an action as a) a non-fact b) a real fact c) a command
2. The number of forms of the Subjunctive mood in Modern English is a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 3. The verbs TO SUGGEST, TO INSIST, TO ORDER, etc are used to introduce a) a subject clause b) a predicative clause c) an object clause
4. The phrases of the type IT'S IMPORTANT (NECESSARY, VITAL, etc) are used to introduce a) a subject clause b) a predicative clause c) an object clause
5. Link-verbs are usually followed by a) a subject clause b) a predicative clause c) an object clause
6. Object clauses after the predicate TO WISH are usually translated a) directly b) descriptively c) antonymically
7. We use in translation the phrases ЯКЩО РАПТОМ, ЯКЩО ВСЕ- ТАКИ if in the clause of condition we have the Analytical Subjunctive with a) should b) would c) might
8. A hardly probable action is expressed in clauses of condition using the Analytical Subjunctive with a) should b) would c) might
9. Emotional SHOULD is used after a) neutrally coloured adjectives b) emotionally coloured adjectives c) adjectives in the superlative degree
10. SHOULD as a mood auxiliary is used after a) neutrally coloured adjectives b) emotionally coloured adjectives c) adjectives in the superlative degree
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