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Paul Zak: Trust, morality and oxytocinСтр 1 из 6Следующая ⇒ Английский язык Практика ведения дискуссии
Методические указания
Рекомендовано Научно-методическим советом университета
Ярославль 2012
УДК ББК А 64 Рекомендовано Редакционно-издательским советом университета в качестве учебного издания. План 2012 года
Рецензент
Glossary of the Unit
Ex. 1. Answer the questions: 1. What makes human beings different from other species? 2. What are people obsessed with? Why? 3. What task does the author set for himself? 4. What kind of function does oxytocin possess? 5. What is the life period of oxytocin? 6. What does trustworthiness correlate with? 7. Is it a fact that poor countries have low morality? 8. What is the author’s idea about alleviating poverty? 9. What kind of approach does the author apply in his project? 10. What does experiment consist in 11. What does the author mean by vampire economics 12. What were the results of the experiment? Do you agree with their interpretation 13. What are the other ways of increasing the level of oxytocin? 14. Which of them do you practice? Does it help? 15. What is the biology of trustworthiness 16. Is empathy inherent in the human nature? Give examples of empathy in action. 17. What is your prescription for feeling fine?
Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English: 1. Я заметил, что люди как религиозные, так и атеисты в равной мере объединены пристальным вниманием к вопросам морали. 2. Я решил разобраться с химической стороной вопроса, найти молекулу, которая могла бы отвечать за вопросы морали. 3. В нашей лаборатории мы пытаемся проверить (спровоцировать, искусить) людей как добродетелью, так и пороком. 4. Согласно нашей гипотезе, количество денег, передаваемое в ответ на благотворительность, служило мерилом доверия человека. 5. По нашей гипотезе, чем больше окситоцина вырабатывает мозг человека, тем большей суммой денег он готов поделиться. 6. Поскольку молекула окситоцина достаточно эфемерна, эксперимент по измерению ее процентного содержания предполагал вызвать резкий всплеск окситоцина и извлечение ее для дальнейших манипуляций. 7. Мы исследовали нефармакологические способы повышения уровня окситоцина. 8. Согласно гипотезе и многочисленным примерам, страны с большим уровнем доверия являются гораздо более экономически благополучными и даже процветающими. 9. Для того чтобы провести дальнейшие обобщения, мы провели эксперимент с просмотром фильма об отце и сыне, у которого был рак. 10. Мошенники специально поднимают у жертв уровень доверия, чтобы спровоцировать на нужный им эффект. 11. Как известно, именно эмпатия отличает людей от других живых существ. 12. Эксперимент ценен тем, что мы смогли выяснить, что поднимает уровень доверия, а что может его отключить. 13. На свадьбе присутствующие испытывают положительные эмоции, так как подсознательно желают преумножения человеческого рода (а значит, и себя). 14. Моя привычка выражать эмоции через дружеские объятия закрепила за мной имя Доктор Любовь.
UNIT 2 Glossary of the Unit
Ø Ex. 1. Answer the questions: · 1. What does the author mean by saying that our planet is uniquely suited for our evolution and survival? · 2. How does the author describe the space outside spaceship Earth and inside it? · 3. What or who is called by the lecturer the hub of existence? · 4. Do you agree that inside our spaceship we have all we need? · 5. What does David mean by ‘messing up’ our spaceship? · 6. Why is the term ’hub of existence’ voiced by the lecturer? · 7. How do you understand Hawking’s metaphor of ‘chemical scum’? · 8. Are we in a typical or untypical place in the Universe? What are your personal sensations? · 9.What is meant by Spaseship Earth? · 10. Do you agree that mankind is the hub of existence? · 11. Would you agree to the term – “chemical scum” for naming mankind? · 12. So is Earth a typical or untypical place in the universe? · 13. Docs light or darkness prevail in the universe? · 14. What kind of vacuum is out there? · 15. What kind of objects are quasars? · 16. What kind of similarity is there between the brain and the quasar? · 17. How do we acquire a special relationship with the rest of the universe? · 18. In that way is our location in space favourable for developing a specific relationship with the rest of the universe? · 19. What kind of metaphor docs the lecturer give to specify our reality? · 20. What can prevent us from building a model of our planet environment? · 21. What is the role of knowledge for exploring space a improving better conditions for people in the lecturer is opinion? · 22. What docs survival of mankind depend on? · 23. Do all species survive? · 24. What kind of phenomenon is global warning? Positive or negative (in D. Deutsch’s opinion) · 25. What is D. Deutsch’s view on the measure being taken at the moment for minimizing global warning? · 26. What kind of stance does the lecturer insist on? · 27. Is the lecturer optimistic or pessimistic on the issue of the future of our planet?
Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English: 1. Удивительно, но наша солнечная система и окружающая среда очень точно настроены так, чтобы сохранить жизнь на нашей планете и дать ей эволюционировать. 2. Космический корабль под названием Земля парит в пространстве, которое само по себе неумолимо враждебно ко всему живому. 3. Если верить Стивену Хокингу, люди – всего лишь химическая пена на поверхности типичной планеты, вращающейся вокруг обычной звезды на окраине Вселенной. 4. Вполне может быть так, что обе точки зрения правильные. (It may well happen so that …) 5. Язык не в состоянии описать то, что происходило в момент взрыва. 6. Однако все это произошло так, что миллионы лет спустя на другом конце Вселенной появился орган (человеческий мозг), который сумел смоделировать этот взрыв и восстановить ход событий. 7. По сути дела, наше пространство насыщено веществом и энергией. Создание системы, в которой может проживать человек, – вопрос времени и уровня развития научной мысли. 8. Наша планета является центром Вселенной в том смысле, что в ней отразились возможности, теоретически присутствующие в космосе для создания жизни. 9. В природе виды животных вымирают постоянно. 10. Я не сведущ в проблеме глобального потепления 11. Если какая-то идея не противоречит законам физики, то помешать ее воплощению может только низкий уровень развития научной мысли и больше ничего. 12. Следует признать тот факт, что, для того чтобы противостоять постоянно возникающим угрозам со стороны космоса, нам необходимо совершенствовать систему знаний, а без этого ни планете, ни нам выжить не удастся. 13. Поскольку на сегодня мы можем приостановить процесс потепления только сокращая выброс СО2 (подписав Киотское соглашение со всеми вытекающими из него ограничениями), то фактически мы живем в условиях надвигающейся катастрофы. 14. Проблема в знаниях, а не в ресурсах. Ресурсы огромны. 15. В данный момент эти исследования не являются основными. 16. По земным стандартам полый куб в безвоздушном пространстве пуст, но на самом деле в нем присутствует несколько сотен тонн вещества (материи), которое можно использовать, чтобы создать самодостаточную научную станцию для проживания группы ученых, занимающихся разработкой системы знаний.
Composition and essay writing In a composition, students are expected to set out the facts as they are, the primary objective being their accurate and impartial presentation. In an essay the task is to give an individual interpretation of facts Thus the interpretation of a subject will differ depending on whether you are required to write a composition or an essay.
The reflective and argumentative essays In text-books on written English, a distinction is often drawn between the reflective and the argumentative essay. The first is primarily an exercise in contemplation upon any given subject, the second – an exercise testing your ability to discuss a problem, to argue for or against a proposition. In the first you rely more on your imagination and power of observation, in the second – on general knowledge.
The essay below demonstrates the principles of writing a basic essay. The thesis statement is in bold, the topic sentences are in italics, and each main point is underlined. When you write your own essay, of course, you will not need to mark these parts of the essay unless your teacher has asked you to do so. They are marked here just so that you can more easily identify them. v «A dog is man’s best friend». That common saying may contain some truth, but dogs are not the only animal friend whose companionship people enjoy. For many people, a cat is their best friend. Despite what dog lovers may believe, cats make excellent house pets as they are good companions, they are civilized members of the household, and they are easy to care for. In the first place, people enjoy the companionship of cats. Many cats are affectionate. They will snuggle up and ask to be petted, or scratched under the chin. Who can resist a purring cat? If they’re not feeling affectionate, cats are generally quite playful. They love to chase balls and feathers, or just about anything dangling from a string. They especially enjoy playing when their owners are participating in the game. Contrary to popular opinion, cats can be trained. Using rewards and punishments, just like with a dog, a cat can be trained to avoid unwanted behavior or perform tricks. Cats will even fetch! In the second place, cats are civilized members of the household. Unlike dogs, cats do not bark or make other loud noises. Most cats don’t even meow very often. They generally lead a quiet existence. Cats also don’t often have «accidents». Mother cats train their kittens to use the litter box, and most cats will use it without fail from that time on. Even stray cats usually understand the concept when shown the box and will use it regularly. Cats do have claws, and owners mus: make provision for this. A tall scratching post in a favorite cat area of the house will often keep the cat content to leave the furniture alone. As a last resort, of course, cats can be declawed. Lastly, one of the most attractive features of cats as housepets is their ease of care. Cats do not have to be walked. They get plenty of exercise in the house as they play, and they do their business in the litter box. Cleaning a litter box is a quick, painless procedure. Cats also take care of their own grooming. Bathing a cat is almost never necessary because under ordinary circumstances cats clean themselves. Cats are more particular about personal cleanliness than people are. In addition, cats can be left home alone for a few hours without fear. Unlike some pets, most cats will not destroy the furnishings when left alone. They are content to go about their usual activities until their owners return. Cats are low maintenance, civilized companions. People who have small living quarters or less time for pet care should appreciate these characteristics of cats. However, many people who have plenty of space and time still opt to have a cat because they love the cat personality. In many ways, cats are the ideal housepet.
Ex. 3. Speak on the following: 1. How do you visualize Spaceship Earth? ….. is not new. Basically,… appeared 2. Which aspects of keeping up our planet in a proper condition do you personally emphasize? My stance on…… is ….. I make it a point to …….. I never fail to……. It’s a matter of discipline……. I make sure that … It should be standard practice to ………. 3. Which other aspects of universal value does the lecturer raise? There’s nothing wrong in saying …………….. However,………… It’s an open question whether …………………….. Ex. 4. Use the clichés to express your stance on the theme of the unit: It can be confidently said that … … The time is not far off when … …I have every ground for assuming that … I am afraid nobody has the slightest idea concerning … …One cannot help wondering what … … It’s too astonishing for words … …I am stuck for the right word… We might hazard a guess that … …It wouldn’t de too much of a stretch to say that … …
1. AN ARTIFICIAL SPUTNIK OF THE EARTH? The origin of the Moon is one of the most complicated problems of cosmogony. So far there have been basically three hypotheses under discussion. HYPOTHESIS I. The Moon was once a part of the Earth and broke away from it. This has now been refuted by the evidence. HYPOTHESIS II. The Moon was formed independently from the same cloud of dust and gas as the Earth, and immediately became the Earth's natural satellite. But then why is there such a big difference between the specific gravity of the Moon (3.33 grammes per cubic centimetre) and that of the Earth (5.5 gr.)? Furthermore, according to the latest information (analysis of samples brought back by the U.S. Apollo astronauts) lunar rock is not of the same composition as the Earth's. HYPOTHESIS III. The Moon came into being separately, and, moreover, far from the Earth (perhaps even outside the Solar system). This would mean that the moon would not have to be fashioned from the same «clay» as our own planet. Sailing through the Universe, the Moon came into Earth's proximity, and by a complex interplay of forces of gravity was brought within a geocentric orbit, very close to circular. But a catch of this kind is virtually impossible. Глина; близость; выгода, препятствие, подвох, захват, улов.
In fact, scientists studying the origin of the Universe today have no acceptable theory to explain how the Earth-Moon system came into being. OUR HYPOTHESIS: The Moon is an artificial Earth satellite put into orbit around the Earth by some intelligent beings unknown to ourselves. We refuse to engage in speculation about who exactly staged this unique experiment, which only a highly developed civilization was capable of. A NOAH'S ARK? If you are going to launch an artificial sputnik, then it is advisable to make it hollow. At the same time it would be naive to imagine that anyone capable of such a tremendous space project would be satisfied simply with some kind of giant empty trunk hurled into a near-Earth trajectory. It is more likely that what we have here is a very ancient spaceship, the interior of which was filled with fuel for the engines, materials and appliances for repair work, navigation, instruments, observation equipment and all manner of machinery... in other words, everything necessary to enable this «caravelle of the Universe» to serve as a kind of Noah's Ark of intelligence, perhaps even as the home of a whole civilization envisaging a prolonged (thousands of millions of years) existence and long wanderings through space (thousands of millions of miles). Каравелла; предвидеть; бродить.
Naturally, the hull of such a spaceship must be super-tough in order to stand up to the blows of meteorites and sharp fluctuations between extreme heat and extreme cold. Probably the shell is a double-layered affair – the basis a dense armouring of about 20 miles in thickness, and outside it some kind of more loosely packed covering (a thinner layer – averaging about three miles). In certain areas – where the lunar «seas» and «craters» are, the upper layer is quite thin, in some cases, non-existent. Since the Moon's diameter is 2,162 miles, then looked at from our point of view it is a thin-walled sphere. And, understandably, not an empty one. There could be all kinds of materials and equipment on its inner surface. But the greatest proportion of the lunar mass is concentrated in the central part of the sphere, in its core, which has a diameter of 2,062 miles. Thus the distance between the kernel and the shell of this nut is in the region of 30 miles. This space was doubtless filled with gases required for breathing, and for technological and other purposes. Корпус, скорлупа, оболочка; жесткий; ядро; арматура, броня, каркас.
With such an internal structure the Moon could have an average specific gravity if 3.3 grammes per cubic centimetre, which differs considerably from that of Earth (5.5 grammes per cubic centimetre).
A SPACESHIP COME TO GRIEF? Now let us consider the chemical peculiarities of the lunar rock. Upon analysis, American scientists have found chromium, titanium and zirconium in it. These are all metals with refractory, mechanically strong and anti-corrosive properties. A combination of them all would have inevitable resistance to heat and the ability to stand up to means of aggression, and could be used on Earth for linings for electrical furnaces. Неизбежный. If a material had to be devised to protect a giant artificial satellite from the unfavorable effects of temperature, from cosmic radiation and meteorite bombardment, the experts would probably have hit on precisely these metals. In that case it is not clear why lunar rock is such an extraordinarily poor heat conductor – a factor which so amazed the astronauts? Wasn't that what the designers of the super-sputnik of the Earth were after? From the engineers point of view, this spaceship of ages long past which we call the Moon is superbly constructed. There may be a good reason for its extreme longevity. It is even possible that it predates our own planet. At any rate, some pieces of lunar rock have proved older than the oldest on Earth, although it is true, this applies to the age of the materials and not of the structure for which they were used. And from the number of craters on its surface, the Moon itself is no chicken. Долголетие; более раннего происхождения.
It is, of course, difficult to say when it began to shine in the sky above the Earth, but on the basis of some preliminary estimates one might hazard a guess that it was around two thousand million years ago. We do not, of course, imagine that the moon is still inhabited, and probably many of its automatic devices have stopped working, too. The stabilisers have ceased functioning and the poles have shifted. Even though the moon keeps that same side turned towards us, for some time it has been unsteady on its own axis, on occasion showing us part of its reverse side which were once invisible to observers on the Earth – for example, the Selenites themselves if they made expeditions here. Обитаема; перестать.
What is the Moon today? Is it a colossal necropolis, a «city of the dead,» where some form of life became extinct? Is it a kind cosmic Flying Dutchman? A craft abandoned by its crew and controlled automatically? We do not know and we shall probably not. Вымерший.
UNIT 3 UNIT 4 Glossary of the Unit
Ø Ex. 1. Answer the questions: 1. What did Th. Kaluza suggest? 2. What idea had a major impact on physics? 3. Why does Brian Greene say that Einstein was basking in the glow? What kind of discovery did he make at that time? 4. What new project did he plan to launch? 5. What exactly didn’t Newton understand in the law of gravity? 6. When does the fabric of space warp and curve? Under what influence? 7. Why is the moon kept in its orbit? 8. What were both Kaluza and Einstein in search of? 9. In what terms did Kaluza want to describe gravity? 10. What made Kaluza cry «Victory!» 11. How did Kaluza treat theory? Did he take it seriously or light-heartedly? 12. In what varieties might dimensions be described? 13. What does a cable look like from a distance? 14. If you went on a journey into any object, what would you see? 15. What are the 20 numbers that describe the world we live in? 16. What would fiddling with these 20 numbers result in? Why? 17. What does the microscopic landscape of our Universe look like in terms of geometry? 18. What are the vibrations of strings affected by? 19. What kind of vibrational patterns does Greene speak of? 20. What makes particles in the collider eject some energy into other dimensions? 21. How can we calculate the existence of other dimensions through the experiment with Hydron Collider? 22. Sum up the stages in science development which have led to understanding the multidimensionality of our Universe. Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English: 1. Абсолютно неизвестный немецкий ученый предположил, что наша Вселенная может состоять из большего числа измерений, чем мы привыкли считать. 2. По какой-то причине эти измерения не видны нам пока. 3. Иногда интересные идеи не имеют никакого практического применения для нашего реального мира. 4. Однако эта идея имела решающее влияние на физику в прошлом столетии. 5. Для начала нам нужно обратиться к истории. 6. Это был год, когда Эйнштейн купался в лучах славы после открытия теории относительности. 7. Именно в это время он решил попытаться понять всепроникающую силу притяжения. 8. Хотя Ньютон знал, как рассчитать силу притяжения, по его словам, он не был в состоянии понять, как собственно она работает. 9. Эйнштейн заявил, что пространство плоское и безмятежное, когда в нем нет материи. 10. Если же есть материя, то она заставляет пространство искривляться и деформироваться. 11. Эйнштейн сумел описать гравитацию, используя понятия кривизны и деформаций. 12. Калуза предпринял попытку описать электромагнитную силу через понятия кривизны и деформаций. 13. Калуза предположил, что электромагнитная сила представляет собой преломления в виде деформаций и кривизны в четвертом измерении. 14. Калуза принадлежал к типу людей, которые не только всерьез относятся к теории, но могут жизнь положить за нее. 15. Кляйн предположил, что измерения могут быть двух видов: большие и маленькие. 16. На расстоянии линия электропередач выглядит одномерной, но мы знаем, что она обладает некоторой толщиной. 17. Всегда могут обнаружиться дополнительные встроенные изогнутые размерности. 18. Остается вопрос – применима ли эта теория на практике в той действительности, которую мы знаем хорошо. 19. В наше время подход к решению этих проблем совсем иной: теория струн предлагает по-новому взглянуть на старые проблемы. 20. На первый взгляд кажется, что о дополнительных измерениях нет речи. 21. Глубоко внутри любого предмета можно обнаружить вибрирующие энергетические нити. 22. Именно они порождают частицы, из которых состоит мир вокруг нас. Все в нашем мире в своей основе имеет каркас из вибрирующих с разной частотой энергетических нитей (струн). 23. Различные частицы отвечают за разнообразие и даже богатство нашего мира. 24. Итак, все силы природы и материя приписываются вибрирующим энергетическим нитям, но именно здесь нас ожидает подвох – математически теория струн не применима без признания существования дополнительных измерений в пространстве. 25. Существуют 20 чисел, которые описывают математически реалии нашего мира. 26. Эти числа известны с невероятной точностью, но никто не может объяснить, почему величина их такова. 27. Если изменить хотя бы одно из этих чисел, мир в том виде, который привычен нам, исчезнет. Unit 5 Содержание UNIT 1. Paul Zak: Trust, morality and oxytocin. 3 UNIT 2. On our place in the cosmos. David Deutsch. 17 UNIT 3. Sebastian Seung: I am my connectome. 32 Unit 5. David Christian: Big history. 57 Список использованной литературы и интернет-ресурсов. 65 Учебное издание
Английский язык Практикум по работе с текстом Составитель Бугрова Ирина Константиновна
Редактор, корректор М. В. Никулина Правка, верстка М. В. Никулина
Подписано в печать 30.08.2012. Формат 60´841/8. Гарнитура «TimesNewRoman». Бумага офсетная.
Оригинал-макет подготовлен Ярославского государственного университета
Отпечатано на ризографе.
Ярославский государственный университет
Английский язык Практика ведения дискуссии
Методические указания
Рекомендовано Научно-методическим советом университета
Ярославль 2012
УДК ББК А 64 Рекомендовано Редакционно-издательским советом университета в качестве учебного издания. План 2012 года
Рецензент
Paul Zak: Trust, morality and oxytocin URL:http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/paul_zak_trust_morality_and_oxytocin.html
Is there anything unique about human beings? There is. We're the only creatures with fully developed moral sentiments. We're obsessed with morality as social creatures. We need to know why people are doing what they're doing. And I personally am obsessed with morality. It was all due to this woman, Sister Mary Marastela, also known as my mom. As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense, and I learned to say phrases in Latin, but I also had time to think about whether my mother's top-down morality applied to everybody. I saw that people who were religious and non-religious were equally obsessed with morality. I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis for moral decisions. But I wanted to go further than to say our brains make us moral. I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality. I want to know if there was a moral molecule. Люди; чувства; постоянно думать; благодаря; вдыхать; ладан; решения.
After 10 years of experiments, I found it. Would you like to see it? I brought some with me. This little syringe contains the moral molecule. It's called oxytocin. So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule found only in mammals. In rodents, it was known to make mothers care for their offspring, and in some creatures, allowed for toleration of burrowmates. But in humans, it was only known to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women, and is released by both sexes during sex. Шприц; грызуны; забота; потомство; облегчение; роды; кормление; выделять.
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule. I did what most of us do – I tried it on some colleagues. One of them told me, «Paul, that is the world's stupidest idea. It is,» he said, «only a female molecule. It can't be that important.» But I countered, «Well men's brains make this too. There must be a reason why.» But he was right, it was a stupid idea. But it was testably stupid. In other words, I thought I could design an experiment to see if oxytocin made people moral. Идиотский; ответить. Turns out it wasn't so easy. First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule. Baseline levels are near zero, without some stimulus to cause its release. And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life, and degrades rapidly at room temperature. So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin, have to grab it fast and keep it cold. I think I can do that. Now luckily, oxytocin is produced both in the brain and in the blood, so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery. Then I had to measure morality. Оказывается; застенчивый; базовый; полжизни; быстро; всплеск; собрать.
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project. So I started smaller. I studied one single virtue: trustworthiness. Why? I had shown in the early 2000s that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people are more prosperous. So in these countries, more economic transactions occur and more wealth is created, alleviating poverty. So poor countries are by and large low trust countries. So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness, I might help alleviate poverty. Качество; надежность; процент; процветающий; происходить; богатство; снижать; бедность; бедные.
But I'm also a skeptic. I don't want to just ask people, «Are you trustworthy?» So instead I use the Jerry Maguire approach to research. If you're so virtuous, show me the money. So what we do in my lab is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money. Let me show you how we do that. So we recruit some people for an experiment. They all get $10 if they agree to show up. We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them. Then we match them in pairs by computer. And in that pair, one person gets a message saying, «Do you want to give up some of your $10 you earned for being here and ship it to someone else in the lab?» The trick is you can't see them, you can't talk to them. You only do it one time. Now whatever you give up gets tripled in the other person's account. You're going to make them a lot wealthier. And they get a message by computer saying person one sent you this amount of money. Do you want to keep it all, or do you want to send some amount back? Подход; исследование; добродетельный; искушать, склонять; грех; набирать; обманывать; хитрость. So think about this experiment for a minute. You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half. Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle and take four tubes of blood. And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger? So this was the birth of vampire economics. Make a decision and give me some blood. Сумасшедший; игла; втыкать; пробирка.
So in fact, experimental economists had run this test around the world, and for much higher stakes, and the consensus view was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust, and the transfer from the second person back to the first measured trustworthiness. But in fact, economists were flummoxed on why the second person would ever return any money. They assumed money is good, why not keep it all? Ставки; в замешательстве; думать.
That's not what we found. We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money, and of those who received money, 95 percent returned some of it. But why? Well, by measuring oxytocin we found that the more money the second person received, the more their brain produced oxytocin, and the more oxytocin on board, the more money they returned. So we have a biology of trustworthiness. Получать.
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment? Two things. One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation. So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin, but they didn't have any effect. But the second is that I still only had this indirect relationship between oxytocin and trustworthiness. I didn't know for sure oxytocin caused trustworthiness. So to make the experiment, I knew I'd have to go into the brain and manipulate oxytocin directly. I used everything short of a drill to get oxytocin into my own brain. And I found I could do it with a nasal inhaler. So along with colleagues in Zurich, we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo, had that same trust test with money, and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust, we can more than double the number of people who sent all their money to a stranger – all without altering mood or cognition. Само по себе, в изоляции, отдельно; косвенный; связь; вызывать; дрель, тренировка, упражнение, сверлить; носовой; настроение; понимание.
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