Theme 1. “ General characteristic of the blood system”. Functions and physico-chemical properties of the blood

Module 2

Physiology of the visceral system: blood, circulation and respiration.

Contents of the module 7 “Blood system”

Specific Aims

1. To know composition and functions of the blood system, mechanisms of its regulation on the basis of homeostasis parameters analysis (blood volume, acid – base balance, osmotic pressure, quantitative and qualitative composition of the plasma and blood corpuscules);

2. To know physiologic regularities of the blood system functions: respiratory, protective, transport;

3. To know physiologic regularities of the functions of blood liquid state maintenance and homeostasis development in the damages of blood vessels.

4. To draw conclusions about the state of organism functions, which take place in the presence of blood on the basis of quantitative and qualitative blood indexes: packed cell volume, quantity of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leucocytes, thrombocytes, differencial blood count, color index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), time of blood coagulation, duration of bleeding.

5. To analyze age changes of the blood composition, functions and mechanism of regulation;

6. To explain physiologic bases of the investigation methods of blood system functions: amount of the corpuscular elements of blood, hemoglobin, ESR, osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, bleeding duration, blood coagulation time, determination of blood group in the ABO systems.

Theme 1. “ General characteristic of the blood system”. Functions and physico-chemical properties of the blood

Questions for Speech and Test Control.

1. Notion of the blood system as the main component of internal medium of the organism. Blood functions, its quantity in human.

2. Blood composition. Main physiologic blood constants and mechanisms of maintenance of their constancy.

3. Plasma and blood serum, their composition. Volume plasma and blood corpuscules ratio, packed cell volume.

4. Plasma proteins, their composition and characteristic, functional significance, oncotic pressure, its role.

5. Electrolytic blood plasma composition, its significance, osmotic blood pressure, its role. Regulation of osmotic pressure constancy.

6. Acid – base balance of the blood (pH), mechanisms of the regulation of its constancy, role of the buffer system in the regulation of its constancy.

7. Types of the deviation of acid – base balance of the blood (acidosis, alkalosis), their classification by nature and mechanisms of the development.

8. Rest (nonprotein) nitrogen of the blood, its value; residual volume substances.

9. Age features of the composition and physicochemical properties of blood in different age people.

Questions for the Written Control.

1. List blood functions.

2. Draw the blood composition scheme.

3. List which of the blood constants are strict and which are dynamic; their significance.

4. Describe which mechanisms provide the persistence of strict constant constancy.

5. Describe which mechanisms provide the relative constancy of dynamic constants.

6. Write what is a packed cell volume and what is its volume in male and in female.

7. What is a difference between plasma and blood serum?

8. Enumerate plasma protein functions.

9. Enumerate plasma electrolyte functions (macro - and microelements), their amounts in the blood.

Curriculum of the Practical Studies.

1. Determination of plasma and blood corpuscules volume ratio.

2. Determination of presence and protein quantity in the blood serum.

3. Study of techniques: a) blood taking in person for analysis, b) preparation of the blood smear and bone marrow smear c) study under the microscope color and incolor blood smear in human.

4. Acquaintance with the modern methods of blood investigation.

Theme 2. Types and mechanisms of the homeostasis. Physiology of the thrombocytes.

Questions for Speech and Test Control

1. Notion of homeostasis.

2. Blood thrombocytes, their structure, properties and functions.

3. Coagulable blood system, its composition and functions of its coagulants.

4. Vascular – thrombocytic homeostasis, its phases, mechanisms and significance.

5. Coagulable homeostasis, its phases, mechanisms of development and significance. Modern presentation of the general agents, which take part in the coagulated homeostasis.

6. Anticoagulants of the primary anticoagulable system, their types, mechanism of action, significance.

7. Fibrinolysis (secondary anticoagulable system – system of fibrinolysis), plasmins and their significance.

8. Role of the endothelium of vascular wall in the homeostasis and fibrinolysis regulation.

9. Blood coagulation regulation.

10. Factors influencing on the blood coagulation, their significance.

11..Factors inhibition or preventing blood coagulation outside the organism, their significance.

12. Development of the blood coagulation system in children.

13. Aged changes of the homeostasis function in ferent age people.

Question for Written Answer.

1. Draw the scheme of vascular – thrombocytic homeostasis, describe its mechanisms and significance.

2. Draw the scheme of coagulable homeostasis, describe its mechanisms and significance.

3. Enumerate the anticoagulants of the primary anticoagulable system.

4. Enumerate the fibrinolysis factors.

5. Draw the scheme of fibrinolysis, describe its mechanism and significance.

6. Enumerate ways of blood prevention from the coagulation outside of the vascular channel and increases of blood coagulation in human.

7. Indicate blood coagulation time and bleeding time in norm.

8. Describe methods of blood coagulation determination.

9. Describe methods of bleeding time determination.

Curriculum of practical studies

1. Analysis and evaluation of thromboelastogram.

2. Analysis and evaluation of coagulogram.

Theme 3. Physiology of Erythrocytes.

Question for Speech and Test Control.

1. Characteristic of erythrocytes: shape, dimensions, structure, chemical composition.

2. Properties of erythrocytes.

3. Function of erythrocytes.

4. Quantity of erythrocytes in the blood, sex differences. Prise – zones curve, its significance for diagnosis.

5. Changes of erythrocyte quantity (physiologic erythrocytosis) in various physiologic states.

6. Osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, its borders according to hypotonic solutions.

7. Hemolysis of erythrocytes, its types, factors which cause it.

8. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): factors influencing on ESR; clinical significance, its definitions. Sex differences, clinical significance.

9. Methods of the determination of erythrocyte amount in human blood.

10. Notion of erythron.

11. Erythropoiesis, mechanism of its regulation, erythropoietin role.

12. Age changes of the content and the properties of erythrocytes in different age people.

Curriculum of Practical Studies

1. Determination of erythrocyte amount in the blood by means of the blood – counting chamber.

2. Acquaint with the modern methods of erythrocyte count in the blood.

3. Analyze hemogram.

Theme 4. Hemoglobin investigation.

Curriculum of Practical Studies.

1. Determination of the hemoglobin amount in the blood by the method of Sali.

2. Count of the blood color index.

3. Analysis of the human hemograms.

Theme 6. Blood groups.

Specific Aims

1. To explain notion of circulation system, mechanisms of minute blood volume (MBV) as an integral index of the circulation on the basis of homeostasis indexes.

2. To explain physiologic properties of the cardiac muscle which supply its pump function (automatism, excitability, conduction, contractility) on the basis of the ECG, MVB analysis and mechanisms of their regulation.

3. To explain heart pump function on the basis of cardiac cycle duration, its structure (succession and duration of its phases and periods) MBV values, blood pressure in the heart chambers, in the aorta and the pulmonary artery, heart tension parameters.

4. To analyse heart activity as a pump and to draw conclusions about the regulation mechanisms.

5. To analyse general parameters of circulation and to draw a conclusion about the blood vessel state (vessels of the high pressure, resistance, volume, capacity). To analyse the regulation mechanisms of arterial and venous vessel tension.

6. To analyse vascular state of microcirculatory bed and to draw conclusions about the states of physiologic mechanisms of the liquid metabolisms at the level of vascular and lymph capillaries.

7. To analyse circulation parameters and to draw conclusions about the mechanisms of systemic circulation.

8. To analyse circulation state and mechanism of its regulation in human performing the functional tests (changing the body position, on physical exertion).

9. To explain the peculiarities of regional circulation (coronary, cerebral, pulmonary, abdominal) and to draw conclusions about the blood vessel state.

10. To analyse age changes of circulation parameters and to draw conclusions about the state of blood physiologic properties as a pump, blood vessel functions and mechanisms of their regulation.

11. To explain physiologic methods of the blood circulation investigation: determination of MVB, arterial and venous pressure, pulse, registration of ECG, phonocardiogram (PCG), echocardiography, sphygmography (SPG)

Microcirculation.

Energy Metabolism.

Specific Aims.

1. Conclude the metabolism intensity on the basis of the energy expeditures analysis, which characterize the basal metabolism.

2. Conclude the predominant oxidation of proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the matbolism process on the basic of the respiratory factors.

3. Conclude the regulation mechanisms of the metabolism intensity on the basic of the analysis of the basal metabolism indices of a man.

4. Conclude the daily energy expenditures of men with different professions.

5. Explain the correspondence of their food retion to proteins, fats and carbohydrates requirements.

6. Analyse the age changes of the organism energy expenditures and their regulations.

7. Explain the physiologic principles of the direct and indirect calorimetry methods.

Contents of Module 12

Digestion System.

1. Discuss the concept of the digestion system and the regulation functions - secretary, motor, absorptive ones.

2. Come to the conclusions of the role of the gustatory the regulation of the motor and secretory functions of the digestion system.

3. Value the state of the digestion system by analyzing the parameters of hydrolysis of the food substances, the rates of their moving in the alimentary canal, parameters of homeostasis, reflecting the absorptive processes.

4. Come to conclusions of the digestion processes state in each part of the alimentary canal by analyzing the state of secretory, motor, absorptive functions and their regulation.

5. Analyse the regulation parameters of homeostasis and come to conclusions of the absorptive processes state in the alimentary canal and mechanisms of their regulation. Analyse the age features of the digestion system functions.

6. Explain physiologic foundations of the modern methods of the digestion system investigation.

7. Explain mechanisms of forming motivations of hunger and saturation by analyzing homeostatic indices of the nutritive matters in the blood and the state of alimentary canal.

Contents of Module 14.

Excretion System.

Specific Aims:

1. Explain the excretion system notion and the regulation mechanisms of homeostasis in its participation on the basis of the constant analysis – the volume of circulating blood, concentration of ions, osmotic pressure, acidic basilar state.

2. Cone to the conclusion of the state of processes, which provide the urine formation on the kidneys on the basis of the clearance analysis – the glomerular filtration rate, secretions and reabsorption of matters and water in different parts of the nephron.

3. Analyze the state of the excretion system in a man on the basis of quantative and qualitative structure of the urine, its relevant density in structure of the urine, its relevant density in dynamics depending of the dietary regimen and water discipline.

4. Analyse the regulation induces of the homeostasis and come to conclusion of their regulation mechanisms in kinds participation.

5. Analyse the age features of the excretion system functions and mechanisms of their regulations.

6. Explain physiologic fundamental of investigating the excretion function of kidneys - glomerular filtration rate of secretion and reapsorbtion of mettaer in nephron, values of the renal blood flow and plasma flow, the dynamic of diurnal urine excretion and urine density.

Training Control №2

Physiology oа the visceral system: energy metabolism, thermoregulation, digestion and excretion system.

Module 2

Physiology of the visceral system: blood, circulation and respiration.

Contents of the module 7 “Blood system”

Specific Aims

1. To know composition and functions of the blood system, mechanisms of its regulation on the basis of homeostasis parameters analysis (blood volume, acid – base balance, osmotic pressure, quantitative and qualitative composition of the plasma and blood corpuscules);

2. To know physiologic regularities of the blood system functions: respiratory, protective, transport;

3. To know physiologic regularities of the functions of blood liquid state maintenance and homeostasis development in the damages of blood vessels.

4. To draw conclusions about the state of organism functions, which take place in the presence of blood on the basis of quantitative and qualitative blood indexes: packed cell volume, quantity of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leucocytes, thrombocytes, differencial blood count, color index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), time of blood coagulation, duration of bleeding.

5. To analyze age changes of the blood composition, functions and mechanism of regulation;

6. To explain physiologic bases of the investigation methods of blood system functions: amount of the corpuscular elements of blood, hemoglobin, ESR, osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, bleeding duration, blood coagulation time, determination of blood group in the ABO systems.

Theme 1. “ General characteristic of the blood system”. Functions and physico-chemical properties of the blood

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