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Exercise 10. Insert the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. Fill in the blanks “of” if necessary. ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 6 из 6 1. The word culture …… many different meanings. (to have) 2. Culture ….. a full range of learned human behavior patterns. (to be) 3. Culture ….. a powerful human tool for survival. (to be) 4. In order to live man, like all other species, must …. to terms with the external world. (to come) 5. In complex, diverse societies in which people …… from many different parts …. the world, they often retain much of their original cultural traditions. (to come) 6. The third layer of culture ….. of cultural universals. (to consist) 7. Adolf Bastian…. a universal model of culture. (to develop) 8. The term …. first …. in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book “Primitive Culture”, published in 1871. (to use) 9. Man …… his sense organs, nerves, glands, and muscles in adjusting himself to the external world. (to employ)
Exercise 11. True or False statements. 1. For a biologist, culture is a colony of bacteria or other microorganisms. 2. The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Adolf Bastian in his book “ Primitive Culture”, published in 1878. 3. Culture is a powerful animal tool for survival, but it is a solid phenomenon. 4. Man employs his sense organs, nerves, glands, and muscles in adjusting himself to the external world. 5. The second layer of culture that may be part of your identity is a cultural universals.
Exercise 12. Answer the following questions.
1. What is necessary to become a very good artist? 2. What sort of books do you like? 3. What kind of music do you like? 4. What do you like doing in your spare time? 5. How often do you go to museums? 6. Who is your favourite writer? 7. Why is it necessary to learn foreign languages?
Language and Culture The connection between culture and language has been noted as far back as the classical period and probably long before. The ancient Greeks, for example, distinguished between civilized peoples and bárbaros "those who babble", i.e. those who speak unintelligible languages. The German romanticists of the 19th century such as Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm von Humboldt, often saw language not just as one cultural trait among many but rather as the direct expression of a people's national character. Herder for example suggests, " Denn jedes Volk ist Volk; es hat seine National Bildung wie seine Sprache " (Since every people is a People, it has its own national culture expressed through its own language). Franz Boas, founder of American anthropology, maintained that the shared language of a community is the most essential carrier of their common culture. Boas was the first anthropologist who considered it unimaginable to study the culture of a foreign people without also becoming acquainted with their language. For Boas, the fact that the intellectual culture of a people was largely constructed, shared and maintained through the use of language, meant that understanding the language of a cultural group was the key to understanding its culture. At the same time, though, Boas and his students were aware that culture and language are not directly dependent on one another. Numerous other scholars have suggested that the form of language determines specific cultural traits. This is similar to the notion of Linguistic determinism. Such belief is related to the theory of Linguistic relativity. Languages are also a part of the larger culture of the community that speak them. Humans use language as a way of signalling identity with one cultural group and difference from others. In linguistics such different ways of using the same language are called "varieties". For example, the English language is spoken differently in the USA, the UK and Australia, and even within English-speaking countries there are hundreds of dialects of English that each signals a belonging to a particular region and/or subculture. For example, in the UK the cockney dialect signals its speakers' belonging to the group of lower class workers of east London. Differences between varieties of the same language often consist in different pronunciations and vocabulary, but also sometimes of different grammatical systems and very often in using different styles. Linguists and anthropologists, particularly sociolinguists, ethnolinguists and linguistic anthropologists have specialized in studying how ways of speaking vary between speech communities. The difference between languages does not consist only in differences in pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar, but also in different "cultures of speaking". Some cultures for example have elaborate systems of signalling social distance through linguistic means. In English, social distance is shown mostly though distinguishing between addressing some people by first name and others by surname - "Mrs.", "boy", "Doctor" or "Your Honor". In several languages of East Asia, for example Thai, different words are used according to whether a speaker is addressing someone of higher or lower rank.
Unit 2. Russian Culture
TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. associated – связанный, взаимодействующий 2. country – страна 3. in the country – за городом, в деревне 4. to leave the country – уехать за границу 5. rich – богатый, ценный, изобилующий 6. art - искусство 7. cinema – кино, кинотеатр 8. animation - мультипликация 9. considerable – значительный, важный 10. influence – влияние, воздействие 11. strong – сильный, крепкий, серьезный 12. belief – вера, верование, доверие 13. wooded - лесистый 14. ancestor – предок, прародитель 15. neighbouring – соседний, смежный 16. tribe - племя 17. identity – идентичность, индивидуальность, подлинность 18. to accept – принимать, допускать, признавать 19. Empire - Империя 20. Orthodox – Православный, ортодоксальный, правоверный 21. to define – определять, давать определение 22. to fall – падать, потерпеть крах 23. to remain – оставаться, пребывать в прежнем состоянии 24. century – столетие, век 25. to develop – развивать, совершенствовать, разрабатывать 26. to change – меняться, сменять, заменять 27. census - перепись 28. right – право 29. widespread – широко распространенный 30. to belong – принадлежать, относиться, происходить 31. quarter – четверть, квартал 32. scientific – научный 33. to be considered – считается, рассматривается 34. to contribute – содействовать, способствовать, делать вклад 35. literary – литературный 36. to boost – способствовать росту популярности 37. native – родной, местный 38. to emerge – появляться, выходить, возникать 39. the Golden Age of Russian Poetry – Золотой век русской поэзии 40. founder – основатель, учредитель 41. to describe – описывать, характеризовать 42. to continue – продолжать, оставаться, сохранять 43. in particular – в частности, в особенности 44. literature - литература 45. early – преждевременный, ранний, рано 46. millennium - тысячелетие 47. to take part – принимать участие 48. largely- в значительной степени, в широком масштабе 49. point – точка, место, пункт
INTRODUCTORY TEXT
What Russian Culture is Russian culture is the culture associated with the country of Russia. It has a rich history and a long tradition in every aspect of the arts, especially literature and philosophy, classical music and ballet, architecture and painting, cinema and animation, which all had considerable influence on the world culture. The country also has a rich material culture and a strong tradition in technology. Russian culture started from that of the East Slavs, with their beliefs and specific way of life in the wooded areas of Eastern Europe. Early on, the Language. Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages. According to the 2008 census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers. Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language. Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian. Over a quarter of the world's scientific literature is published in Russian. The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world, contributing many of the world's most famous literary works. Russia's literary history dates back to the 10th century; in the 18th century its development was boosted by the works of Mikhail Lomonosov and Denis Fonvizin, and by the early 19th century a modern native tradition had emerged, producing some of the greatest writers of all time. This period and the Golden Age of Russian Poetry began with Alexander Pushkin, considered to be the founder of modern Russian literature and often described as the "Russian Shakespeare" or the "Russian Goethe". It continued in the 19th century with the poetry of Mikhail Lermontov and Nikolay Nekrasov, dramas of Aleksandr Ostrovsky and Anton Chekhov, and the prose of Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ivan Goncharov, Aleksey Pisemsky and Nikolai Leskov. Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky in particular were titanic figures.   Конфликты в семейной жизни. Как это изменить? Редкий брак и взаимоотношения существуют без конфликтов и напряженности. Через это проходят все...  Система охраняемых территорий в США Изучение особо охраняемых природных территорий(ООПТ) США представляет особый интерес по многим причинам...  ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ, КОГДА МЫ ССОРИМСЯ Не понимая различий, существующих между мужчинами и женщинами, очень легко довести дело до ссоры...  Что делать, если нет взаимности? А теперь спустимся с небес на землю. Приземлились? Продолжаем разговор... Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте:
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TEXT FOR WRITTEN TRANSLATION
culture of Russian ancestors was much influenced by neighbouring Finno-Ugric tribes and mainly Turkic, peoples of the steppe. In the late 1st millennium AD the Scandinavian Vikings, also took part in the forming of Russian identity and Kievan Rus' state. Kievan Rus' had accepted Orthodox Christianity from the Eastern Roman Empire in 988, and this largely defined the Russian culture of next millennium as the synthesis of Slavic and Byzantine cultures. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Russia remained the largest Orthodox nation in the world. At points of its history, the country also was strongly influenced by the culture of Western Europe. Since Peter the Great's reforms for two centuries Russian culture largely developed in the general context of European culture. The situation changed in the 20th century, when the Communist ideology became a major factor in the culture of the Soviet Union, where Russia, or Russian SFSR, was the largest and leading part.