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DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS





Л. Бакулина

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

сборник текстов для студентов фзо

(специальность повт)

 

Хабаровск

ББК 81.2.Англ. 923

Б 198

 

Л. В. Бакулина Сборник текстов на английском языке для студентов ФЗО (специальность ПОВТ). ХИИК ГОУ ВПО «СибГУТИ».

2009г.

 

 

Сборник текстов предназначен для студентов ФЗО специальности «Программное обеспечение вычислительной техники и автоматизированных систем» (230105). Сборник содержит тексты для перевода при подготовке к итоговому контролю по дисциплине, а также методические указания по работе над текстом, по работе над словарем и аннотированию.

 

Кафедра словесности

Рецензент Ковалева Е. В.

 

 

Рассмотрено и утверждено

Советом ФЗО

Протокол № 1 от 02.09.09

 
 

О переводе текста с иностранного языка

Процесс перевода текста целесообразно строить в три этапа:

− допереводной анализ оригинала в целом;

− собственно перевод как выражение содержания оригинала средствами языка перевода;

− общее редактирование.

1) Суть первого этапа состоит в уточнении коммуникативной ситуации, то есть в определении тематики текста, его основного содержания, структуры, стилистического своеобразия. Необходимо внимательно прочесть текст и понять его основное содержание и лишь затем переходить к более тщательному анализу и переводу текста. Игнорирование этого этапа обычно ведёт к увеличению необходимых поправок на втором и третьем этапах перевода, а иногда к ошибкам и погрешностям.

Обращение к словарям и справочникам на этом этапе должно быть ограничено рамками лишь самого общего анализа текста. Нецелесообразно на этом этапе уточнять по словарю, а тем более выписывать значения всех незнакомых слов, поскольку многие из этих значений при конкретном контекстуальном анализе на втором этапе раскроются с меньшей потерей времени. В то же время подбор словарей и справочников в соответствии с тематикой текста следует осуществлять именно на этом этапе.

2) Содержание второго этапа составляет последовательный ряд операций по переводу отдельных небольших отрезков оригинала. Обычно таким отрезком оказывается фраза простое или сложное предложение умеренной длины.

Перевод текста должен быть точным в отношении передачи мысли, а также значения отдельных слов, словосочетаний и грамматических форм. В то

же время перевод не должен быть дословным и не должен нарушать лексических, грамматических и стилистических норм родного языка.

Обращение к словарям и справочникам целесообразно в тех случаях, когда содержание отрезка не удаётся представить себе достаточно чётко с опорой на весь контекст фразы. Не следует механически обращаться к словарю при первой же встрече с незнакомым словом. Необходимо сначала проанализировать форму слова и его контекст, составить гипотезу о возможном значении этого слова и только тогда проверить эту гипотезу по словарю, так как обращение к словарю после выдвинутой гипотезы обеспечивает сознательный поиск, то есть имеется критерий для правильного выбора из множества перечисленных в словарной статье данного слова значений. Словарь должен быть последней ступенью, на которой проверяется выдвинутая на основе предыдущего анализа более или менее точная гипотеза.

3) На третьем этапе перевода устраняются погрешности, выявляющиеся при прочтении всего текста перевода: неэкономичность формулировок, громоздкость конструкций, повторы, недостаточная чёткость и ясность выражений и т.п.

Работа со словарём

Словарь, как правило, состоит из заглавных слов и словарных статей.

Заглавное слово это выделенное жирным шрифтом слово, значение которого объяснено и часто иллюстрировано примерами.

Все заглавные слова расположены в алфавитном порядке и имеют указания какой частью речи они являются.

Словарная статья это мини-текст, содержащий определённые сведения о заглавном слове.

Объём словарной статьи зависит от того, сколько значений имеет заглавное слово.

В словаре может быть слово, значение которого передаётся одним словом.

Большинство слов, как в русском, так и в английском языке многозначно, то есть имеют несколько значений.

В словарной статье приводятся все основные значения заглавного слова, а также отражается возможность использования его в функции разных частей речи.

Работа со словарной статьёй

С информацией, сообщаемой в словарной статье, познакомьтесь на примере двух слов light (I, II), которые при одинаковой форме имеют разные значения.

 

Чтобы информация о слове была компактной, в статье используются разные виды шрифтов, нумераций, знаков, сокращений. Вот, например, обозначения частей речи:

 

n существительное v глагол prep предлог

a прилагательное adv наречие cj союз


 

 

 

OUR UNIVERSITY

Read and translate the text. Write the theses of the text.

Every year many young people enter various Higher Educational Establishments. One of them is The Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Sciences. It was founded as The Novosibirsk Telecommunication Institute in 1953. Since that time thousands of its graduates have successfully been working in different parts of our country.

The University is an important research and education center that trains highly qualified specialists in the field of Telecommunications and Information Sciences.

The University is a big training centre with the subsidiary branch in Khabarovsk. Four faculties train students to work in different branches of telecommunications, radioengineering and computer sciences. These faculties are:

The faculty of Automatic Electrical Telecommunications;

The faculty of Multichannel Electrical Telecommunications;

The faculty of Radiocommunication, Radiobroadcast and Television;

The faculty of Economics and Telecommunications Management.

The faculty of Automatic Electrical Telecommunications trains specialists in:

telecommunications networks and switching systems (planning and operation of data switching centres and digital exchanges);

computer software for engineering;

means of communication with movible objects.

The faculty of Multichannel Electrical Telecommunications trains specialists in the following specialities:

multichannel telecommunications systems (planning, construction and operation of digital multichannel transmission systems and fibre optics microwave and satellite telecommunications systems);

physics and optics communication engineering.


The faculty of Radiocommunication, Radiobroadcast and Television trains specialists in:

radiocommunication, radiobroadcast and television (planning, construction and operation of radiocommunication, radiobroadcasts and television systems as well as space communication systems);

radioengineering (to work in research and planning companies in the field of radio);

planning and new development in technology for radioelectronic facilities (to work in radioelectronic industry);

audio-visual facilities (planning, construction and operation of different systems aimed at audio and visual recording amplification).

The faculty of Economics and Telecommunications Management trains specialists in:

economics and management for telecommunications enterprises (marketing and management in telecommunications branches and in other branches of economics);

accounting and audit.

Our can study by correspondence without interrupting the work.

The University has a qualified teaching staff, it consists of professors, lecturers and tutors. They give lectures, take seminars and have tutorials with the students, examine the students during the examination session and supervise the students research work.

The students of the University have a five year course of studies. During the first year the students study the history of Russia, mathematics, descriptive geometry, foreign languages and other subjects. The first year is very difficult for students because they can’t plan their time very well yet.

The program of the senior course implies many special subjects such as communication economics, long distance communications, radioengineering, telegraphy, television and some others.

The final year is devoted to the diploma project. After graduating from the University one can enter post-graduate courses.

During the course of study students get practical training at the University laboratories which are equipped with the most up-to-date instruments and devices.

Students have a good library at their disposal. Most of the students who come from other parts of the Far East are accommodated in the hostels of the University.

Data storage hierarchy

It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called a data storage hierarchy. The general groupings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows.

1) Characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and special symbols. 2) Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. Data elements are also called data items or fields. 3) Records, which are collections of related data elements. 4) Files, which are collections of related records. A set of related files is called a data base or a data bank.

Types of computers

The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For example, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quantities such as speed, temperature, or pressure. The response of an analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time. Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control.

Digital computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going or real-time processes. Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing.

Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide inputs to the control centres of these systems, which will be small digital computers.

 

DIGITAL COMPUTER OPERATION

Read and translate the given text. Make up annotation on the text.

A digital computer is a machine capable of performing operations on data represented in digital or number form. The individual operations performed by a digital computer are very simple arithmetic or logical processes involving the manipulation of the bits in words or characters of information. The great power of any digital computer rests in the ability to store large volumes of data and to perform these operations at extremely high speed.

In most electronic digital computers the method of number representation is based on the system of binary notation. The binary notation system is most widely used because of the convenience in constructing logical circuits and storage devices capable of handling data in this form. For example, a magnetic memory unit consists of many thousand individual magnetic cells, each of which can be energized in either of two ways to represent the binary digits 0 or 1. If these cells are grouped to form words or binary coded characters, information can be stored for processing in units of specified size. In the same way, digital data can be recorded as a series of magnetized spots on a magnetic tape or a magnetic disk.

The computer has pervaded most fields of human activity and is the most important innovation of our age. Born out of the technology of communication, it is capable of handling enormous amounts of information at tremendous speeds. What makes it so potent is the fact that a single mechanism can perform any information-processing task. The same mechanism can control industrial processes, guide space vehicles or help to teach children. This diversity of tasks is made possible by the simple idea of the stored program.

A program is the enumeration of determining commands. It specifies the method used for the solution of a problem in detail. When the machine is in operation, both the commands and the numbers to be processed are constantly being taken out of and put into a depository of information known as a memory.

It can be seen that the processes performed by a digital computer are essentially simple. These operations can be performed at extremely high speeds and with a high degree of coordination between the different functional units of the hardware system, and this ability means that digital computers can undertake highly complex tasks.

 

MEMORY

Read and translate the text. Give the definition of the term “computer memory”.

It is interesting to note that memory, one of the basic components of the computer, is often called storage. It stores calculation program, the calculation formulae, initial data, intermediate and final results. Therefore, the functions of the computer memory may be classified in the following way. Firstly, the computer memory must store the information transmitted from the input and other devices. Secondly, memory should produce the information needed for the computation process to all other devices of the computer.

Generally, memory consists of two main parts called the main, primary or internal, memory and the secondary, or external memory. The advantage of the primary memory is an extremely high speed. The secondary memory has a comparatively low speed, but it is capable of storing far greater amount of information than the main memory. The primary storage takes a direct part in the computational process. The secondary storage provides the information necessary for a single step in the sequence of computation steps.

The most important performance characteristics of a storage unit are speed, capacity and reliability. Its speed is measured in cycle time. Its capacity is measured by the number of machine words or binary digits. Its reliability is measured by the number of failures (отказ) per unit of time.

 

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Read the following text. You are to translate it without a dicyionary.

It is well known in computer science that the words 'computer' and 'processor' are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, 'computer' refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.

The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issueing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.

The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called forin the instructions are performed.

 

 

Fig. 2. Control unit functional diagram

 

Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

 

INPUT DEVICES

Read and translate the text. Make up a list of input devices (do it in Rusian).

There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graphical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards etc.

When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.

Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not provide the design capabilities of graphics and textrepresentation on the display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usually used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.

The mouse is an optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user's orientation on the display. The mouse's primary functions are to help the user draw, point and select images on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen. In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase images.

In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.

Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in drawing and inputting manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of a special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permitting capacity, that is the number of lines per inch, and their capability to respond to the force of pen pressing.

Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photographies, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.

Digital videocameras have been spread recently. They enable getting videoimages and photographs directly in digital computer format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality photos.

Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digital form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joysticks are widely used in computer games.

A MODEM

Read and translate the text. Write out the sentences describing the principles of modem’s work.

The piece of equipment that allows a computer to communicate with other computers over telephone lines is called a modem. The modem allows the individual to access information from all over the world and use that information in everyday life. Connecting with banks, Automatic Teller Machines, cash registers to read credit cards, access travel agents, buy products, e-mail, access databases, and teleconferencing, the modems provide easy access to many services. Files can be transferred easily, by uploading to another machine, or downloading to your own machine within a matter of minutes. The computer modem can be used as a telephone answering system, and documents can be faxed from one computer to another assuring fast and easy access to important documents.

A modem takes computer information and changes it into a signal that can be sent over telephone lines. The modem is a bridge between digital and analog signals. The computer is of the digital type, and the telephone uses analog technology. The modem converts the "0"s and "l"s of the computer (off-on switches) into an analog signals modulating the frequency of the electronic wave or signal. The modem does just the opposite and demodulates the signal back into digital code. The modem gets its name from MOdulate and the DEModulate.

Most people believe that you need a separate phone line for a modem, but that is not true. Your modem and telephone can share one line, the problem arises when someone else needs to use the telephone while the modem is in use. Also disable call waiting, it could disrupt your modem connection while the modem is in use.

There are three kinds of modems — internal, external, and fax. All modems do the same thing, they allow computers to communicate through telephone lines. This lets computers exchange information everywhere. Internal Modem is a circuit board that plugs into one of the expansion slots of the computer. Internal modems usually are cheaper than external modems, but when problems occur, fixing and troubleshooting the modem can sometimes prove to be quite difficult. External Modem attaches to the back of the computer by way of a cable that plugs into the modem port. It is usually less expensive and very portable. It can be used with other computers very easily by unplugging it and plugging it into another computer. Fax Modem can be hooked up to your telephone and used to send information to your computer. Your computer can also send information to a fax machine. Most computer modems are modems with faxing capabilities.

 

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Read and translate the given text. Define the main ideas touched upon in it.

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorythms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded or programmed.

The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or else the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbol shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.

Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.

 

PROGRAMS AND LANGUAGES

Read and translate the text. Make up an annotation on the text.

THE WORLD-WIDE WEB

Read and translate the text. Write the theses of the text.

People have dreamt of a universal information database since late nineteen forties. In this database, not only would the data be accessible to people around the world, but it would also easily link to other pieces of information, so that only the most important data would be quickly found by a user. Only recently the new technologies have made such systems possible. The most popular system currently in use is the World-Wide Web (WWW) which began in March 1989. The Web is an Internet-based computer network that allows users on one computer to access information stored on another through the world-wide network.

As the popularity of the Internet increases, people become more aware of its colossal potential. The World-Wide Web is a product of the continuous search for innovative ways of sharing information resources. The WWW project is based on the principle of universal readership: "if information is available, then any person should be able to access it from anywhere in the world." The Web's implementation follows a standard client-server model. In this model, a user relies on a program (the client) to connect to a remote machine (the server), where the data is stored. The architecture of the WWW is the one of clients, such as Netscape, Mosaic, or Lynx, "which know how to present data but not what its origin is, and servers, which know how to extract data", but are ignorant of how it will be presented to the user.

One of the main features of the WWW documents is their hypertext structure. On a graphic terminal, for instance, a particular reference can be represented by underlined text, or an icon. "The user clicks on it with the mouse, and the referenced document appears." This method makes copying of information unnecessary: data needs only to be stored once, and all referenced to it can be linked to the original document.

Success of the WWW

Set off in 1989, the WWW quickly gained great popularity among Internet users. What is the reason for the immense success of the World-Wide Web? Perhaps, it can be explained by CERN's (CERN was originally named after its founding body the 'Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire', and is now called 'European Laboratory for Particle Physics') attitude towards the development of the project. As soon as the basic outline of the WWW was complete, CERN made the source code for its software publicly available. CERN has been encouraging collaboration by academic and commercial parties since the onset of the project, and by doing so it got millions of people involved in the growth of the Web.

The system requirements for running a WWW server are minimal, so even administrators with limited funds had a chance to become information providers. Because of the intuitive nature of hypertext, many inexperienced computer users were able to connect to the network. Furthermore, the simplicity of the Hyper Text Markup Language, used for creating interactive documents, allowed these users to contribute to the expanding database of documents on the Web. Also, the nature of the World-Wide Web provided a way to interconnect computers running different operating systems, and display information created in a variety of existing media formats.

In short, the possibilities for hypertext in the world-wide environment are endless. With the computer industry growing at today's pace, no one knows what awaits us in the 21st century.

 

АННОТИРОВАНИЕ

Аннотирование это вторичная обработка письменной информации. Для того чтобы зафиксировать краткое содержание произведения, пишется аннотация. Аннотация (Abstract или Summary) это краткая справка о статье, патенте, книге, справочнике и т.п. с точки зрения содержания.

При аннотировании печатный материал излагается в предельно сжатой форме. Это процесс свёртывания (сжатия) информации с очень большим уменьшением по отношению к оригиналу. Аннотации бывают описательные, справочные, реферативные, рекомендательные и критические.

Описательная аннотация состоит из трёх частей:

1. Справка к аннотации. В ней указываются следующие данные: автор, название работы на английском языке, название издательства (для журналов название, номер и год издания).

2. Основная часть должна отражать перечень наиболее характерных положений по содержанию работы.

3. Заключительная часть. В этой части должен быть общий вывод или указание на один какой-то вопрос, которому в работе уделено особое внимание, а также рекомендация, для кого данная работа может представлять особый интерес.

К аннотациям предъявляются следующие требования:

1. Лаконичность языка, то есть использование простых предложений (глаголы употребляются в настоящем времени в действительном или страдательном залоге).

2. Строгая логическая структура текста.

3. Обязательное введение в текст аннотации безличных конструкций, например: «Сообщается...», «Внимание уделяется…», «Описываются…» и др., с помощью которых происходит введение и описание текста оригинала.

4. Недопущение повторений в заглавии и тексте аннотации.

5. Точность в передаче заглавия оригинала, отдельных формулировок и определений.

Л. Бакулина

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

сборник текстов для студентов фзо

(специальность повт)

 

Хабаровск

ББК 81.2.Англ. 923

Б 198

 

Л. В. Бакулина Сборник текстов на английском языке для студентов ФЗО (специальность ПОВТ). ХИИК ГОУ ВПО «СибГУТИ».

2009г.

 

 

Сборник текстов предназначен для студентов ФЗО специальности «Программное обеспечение вычислительной техники и автоматизированных систем» (230105). Сборник содержит тексты для перевода при подготовке к итоговому контролю по дисциплине, а также методические указания по работе над текстом, по работе над словарем и аннотированию.

 

Кафедра словесности

Рецензент Ковалева Е. В.

 

 

Рассмотрено и утверждено

Советом ФЗО

Протокол № 1 от 02.09.09

 
 

О переводе текста с иностранного языка

Процесс перевода текста целесообразно строить в три этапа:

− допереводной анализ оригинала в целом;

− собственно перевод как выражение содержания оригинала средствами языка перевода;

− общее редактирование.

1) Суть первого этапа состоит в уточнении коммуникативной ситуации, то есть в определении тематики текста, его основного содержания, структуры, стилистического своеобразия. Необходимо внимательно прочесть текст и понять его основное содержание и лишь затем переходить к более тщательному анализу и переводу текста. Игнорирование этого этапа обычно ведёт к увеличению необходимых поправок на втором и третьем этапах перевода, а иногда к ошибкам и погрешностям.

Обращение к словарям и справочникам на этом этапе должно быть ограничено рамками лишь самого общего анализа текста. Нецелесообразно на этом этапе уточнять по словарю, а тем более выписывать значения всех незнакомых слов, поскольку многие из этих значений при конкретном контекстуальном анализе на втором этапе раскроются с меньшей потерей времени. В то же время подбор словарей и справочников в соответствии с тематикой текста следует осуществлять именно на этом этапе.

2) Содержание второго этапа составляет последовательный ряд операций по переводу отдельных небольших отрезков оригинала. Обычно таким отрезком оказывается фраза простое или сложное предложение умеренной длины.

Перевод текста должен быть точным в отношении передачи мысли, а также значения отдельных слов, словосочетаний и грамматических форм. В то

же время перевод не должен быть дословным и не должен нарушать лексических, грамматических и стилистических норм родного языка.

Обращение к словарям и справочникам целесообразно в тех случаях, когда содержание отрезка не удаётся представить себе достаточно чётко с опорой на весь контекст фразы. Не следует механически обращаться к словарю при первой же встрече с незнакомым словом. Необходимо сначала проанализировать форму слова и его контекст, составить гипотезу о возможном значении этого слова и только тогда проверить эту гипотезу по словарю, так как обращение к словарю после выдвинутой гипотезы обеспечивает сознательный поиск, то есть имеется критерий для правильного выбора из множества перечисленных в словарной статье данного слова значений. Словарь должен быть последней ступенью, на которой проверяется выдвинутая на основе предыдущего анализа более или менее точная гипотеза.

3) На третьем этапе перевода устраняются погрешности, выявляющиеся при прочтении всего текста перевода: неэкономичность формулировок, громоздкость конструкций, повторы, недостаточная чёткость и ясность выражений и т.п.

Работа со словарём

Словарь, как правило, состоит из заглавных слов и словарных статей.

Заглавное слово это выделенное жирным шрифтом слово, значение которого объяснено и часто иллюстрировано примерами.

Все заглавные слова расположены в алфавитном порядке и имеют указания какой частью речи они являются.

Словарная статья это мини-текст, содержащий определённые сведения о заглавном слове.

Объём словарной статьи зависит от того, сколько значений имеет заглавное слово.

В словаре может быть слово, значение которого передаётся одним словом.

Большинство слов, как в русском, так и в английском языке многозначно, то есть имеют несколько значений.

В словарной статье приводятся все основные значения заглавного слова, а также отражается возможность использования его в функции разных частей речи.

Работа со словарной статьёй

С информацией, сообщаемой в словарной статье, познакомьтесь на примере двух слов light (I, II), которые при одинаковой форме имеют разные значения.

 

Чтобы информация о слове была компактной, в статье используются разные виды шрифтов, нумераций, знаков, сокращений. Вот, например, обозначения частей речи:

 

n существительное v глагол prep предлог

a прилагательное adv наречие cj союз


 

 

 

OUR UNIVERSITY

Read and translate the text. Write the theses of the text.

Every year many young people enter various Higher Educational Establishments. One of them is The Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Sciences. It was founded as The Novosibirsk Telecommunication Institute in 1953. Since that time thousands of its graduates have successfully been working in different parts of our country.

The University is an important research and education center that trains highly qualified specialists in the field of Telecommunications and Information Sciences.

The University is a big training centre with the subsidiary branch in Khabarovsk. Four faculties train students to work in different branches of telecommunications, radioengineering and computer sciences. These faculties are:

The faculty of Automatic Electrical Telecommunications;

The faculty of Multichannel Electrical Telecommunications;

The faculty of Radiocommunication, Radiobroadcast and Television;

The faculty of Economics and Telecommunications Management.

The faculty of Automatic Electrical Telecommunications trains specialists in:

telecommunications networks and switching systems (planning and operation of data switching centres and digital exchanges);

computer software for engineering;

means of communication with movible objects.

The faculty of Multichannel Electrical Telecommunications trains specialists in the following specialities:

multichannel telecommunications systems (planning, construction and operation of digital multichannel transmission systems and fibre optics microwave and satellite telecommunications systems);

physics and optics communication engineering.


The faculty of Radiocommunication, Radiobroadcast and Television trains specialists in:

radiocommunication, radiobroadcast and television (planning, construction and operation of radiocommunication, radiobroadcasts and television systems as well as space communication systems);

radioengineering (to work in research and planning companies in the field of radio);

planning and new development in technology for radioelectronic facilities (to work in radioelectronic industry);

audio-visual facilities (planning, construction and operation of different systems aimed at audio and visual recording amplification).

The faculty of Economics and Telecommunications Management trains specialists in:

economics and management for telecommunications enterprises (marketing and management in telecommunications branches and in other branches of economics);

accounting and audit.

Our can study by correspondence without interrupting the work.

The University has a qualified teaching staff, it consists of professors, lecturers and tutors. They give lectures, take seminars and have tutorials with the students, examine the students during the examination session and supervise the students research work.

The students of the University have a five year course of studies. During the first year the students study the history of Russia, mathematics, descriptive geometry, foreign languages and other subjects. The first year is very difficult for students because they can’t plan their time very well yet.

The program of the senior course implies many special subjects such as communication economics, long distance communications, radioengineering, telegraphy, television and some others.

The final year is devoted to the diploma project. After graduating from the University one can enter post-graduate courses.

During the course of study students get practical training at the University laboratories which are equipped with the most up-to-date instruments and devices.

Students have a good library at their disposal. Most of the students who come from other parts of the Far East are accommodated in the hostels of the University.

DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Read and translate the text. Mind the terms of the topic.

The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts -- unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information.

We use the term data processing system to include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output. Materials, such as boxes of paper and printer ribbons, are consumed in great quantity. Facilities are required to house the computer equipment, people and materials.

Fig. 1. Computer data processing system

 

The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computation were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components.







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