Choose the correct word or phrase to fill the spaces.

MOOD. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

ENTRY TEST

Units 3-4

Choose the correct word or phrase to fill the spaces.

1) Mother will be very tired if she..… home by train..

2) If I..… her address, I would give it to you.

3) If I were taller, I..... a policeman.

4) If I tell you a secret,...... not to tell it to anyone else?

5) Unless you..... more careful, you will have an accident.

6) … he arrives, everyone must stand.

7) If you … away, please write to me.

8) If I … Jack, I'll tell him the news.

9) … you had a baby girl. What would you call her?

10) Peter … his exams if he studies hard.

Choose the correct answer.

11) If I see/will see Mike I tell/will tell him everything.

12) If you don't hurry/will hurry, you will miss/miss the train.

13) If I go/would go to the seaside, I'll take/take my son with me.

14) If Mike receives/has received the telegram I'm sure he phones/will phone you tomorrow.

15) As soon as/before you hear the alarm, run for the exit.

16) His French won't improve provided/unless he studies with me.

17) If you phone/will phone me I will pick/pick you up.

18) If she changed/would change her job she earned/would earn more.

19) If I lived/would live in Spain I did/would do a lot of sunbathing.

20) If I stay/will stay late I always get/will get a taxi.

Choose between Conditional Type I and Type II to complete the dialogue.

Unit 5

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

49) Jessica was here not long ago. If you … (come round) earlier, you … (see) her.

50) I'm so glad that you took me to your friend's party. If we … (not go) there, I … (never meet) Ann.

51) They've been married for 25 years now but I don't think she … (marry) him if she … (know) what a selfish man he was.

52) Fortunately, the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty. It … (be) a disaster if it … (happen) in the middle of the day.

53) We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible. If it … (be) a nice day, we … (go) for a picnic.

54) If you … (come) to the theatre yesterday, you … (enjoy) the play.

55) She … (get) a promotion last year, if she … (not argue) with the boss.

56) If only I … (know) you already had tickets, I … (not get) any for you.

57) The accident was Ann's fault. She was driving too close to the car in front. If she … (be) further away he … (be able) to stop in time.

58) We were traveling with false passports. That was the trouble. If our passports … (be) all right we … (not be) arrested.

Complete the following sentences.

59) We would have stayed in Moscow longer ….

60) I wouldn't have been so angry when we got there ….

61) If I had read more ….

62) If you had known about the party yesterday ….

63) They would have got tickets for you ….

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed another bank in the center of town. As usual, he only stole 10 pounds. If he (64) … (leave) any clues, he (65) … (be) in prison now, but he is too much clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if he (66) … (not/do) that, the police (67) … (have) him on film now. The strange thing is, Fingers doesn't seem to be interested in the money; if he (68) … (be), he (69) … (can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He says that if he (70) … (think) they weren't going to arrest Fingers eventually, he (71) … (leave) the police force long ago.

Unit 7

Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Some sentences require a negative.

72) Peter is always late. If only … (turn up) on time for a change.

73) If only … (lose) all my money. Now I'm broke.

74) Bruce wishes he … (have) more money so he could buy a new sweater.

75) I wish it … (snow) now that it's Christmas.

76) I wish you … (keep) your mouth shut yesterday. Now Mary knows everything.

77) Of course Tom wishes he … (come) with us to Paris, but he has to stay here and work.

78) I wish we … (go) to the match on Saturday, but we're visiting my uncle instead.

79) I wish you … (do) that. It annoys me.

80) I wish you … (stop) watching TV while I am talking to you.

81) I wish … (come) so we could go off to the seaside.

Translate into English.

82) Хорошо бы завтра не было дождя.

83) Если бы ты позвонил мне вчера, я бы взяла твои книги.

84) Я позволю своему сыну поехать туда, если он бросит эту идею.

85) Жаль, что ты этого не понимаешь.

86) На твоём месте, я не придавала бы этой проблеме такое огромное значение.

87) Жаль, что сегодня так холодно.

88) Если бы вы приняли лекарство, вы бы были сейчас здоровы.

89) Мы посидим в кафе, пока они будут ходить по магазинам.

90) Он бы не провалил вступительный экзамен, если бы усерднее готовился к нему.

91) Я пошлю ему телеграмму, если он завтра не приедет.

92) Хорошо бы он уже пришёл.

93) Я буду обращаться к нему по этому вопросу до тех пор, пока не добьюсь своего.

94) Он пожалел, что не знает адреса девушки.

95) Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы никогда не стал разговаривать с ней таким тоном.

96) Если бы она не любила его, она бы не поехала с ним.

97) Он выступал первым. Ах, если бы вы слышали, как он говорил.

98) Теперь они смеются надо мной. Ах, если бы я не показывал им эти стихи.

99) Если бы ты вовремя предупредил меня, я бы никогда не пошла туда.

100) Жаль, что они расстались. Они были прекрасной парой.

Total: 100/ ________

Unit 1 The Indicative, Imperative,

and Subjunctive Moods.

Mood. General Information

Mood is the form of the verb that shows in what relation to reality the speaker places the action expressed by the predicate verb.

There are the following three moods in English:

· the Indicative Mood,

· the Imperative Mood,and

· the Subjunctive Mood.

The Indicative Mood presents actions as real facts: We are happy. No one has washed the dishes yet. They invited me to the party.

The Indicative Mood has the categories of tense, aspect, voice, number and person (see Part II): Jane hasn't been here for a year. He is going to college. He can't be relied on.

The Imperative Mood expresses a command or request. The verb in the Imperative Mood has practically only one form which coincides with the stem of the verb: Introduce me to your friend. Don't speak to me in such a tone!

The verb let is used, as a rule, with imperative first and third person expressions, as Let us assemble in the hall! or Let every one sign his name.

The Subjunctive Mood of a verb indicates action or state as supposed or imagined or as contrary to the fact:

If only I had much money! (but I don’t have it) – Если бы у меня были (сейчас) деньги! (но у меня их нет)

If only I hadn’t failed my English exam! (but I failed) – Если бы только я не провалил свой экзамен по английскому языку! (но я провалил).

The Subjunctive Mood

Мы бы спасли его

the if- clause the main clause

Unit 2 Three Types of Conditional Sentences

1. So, both the Indicative Mood and the Subjunctive Mood are used in conditional sentences to express different types of condition and consequence.

The verb in the Indicative Mood in one of the present tenses expresses a real condition and a real consequence:

E X E R C I S E S

LYING IN THE SUN

Two tramps, Eugine and Sergio, were lying in the sun.

Your friend can’t decide where to go on holiday. Make some suggestions about where he/she could go and what he/she could do. (He/She could visit famous buildings; practise languages; eat national dishes; do/watch certain sports).

Model: Spain

If you went to Spain, you could eat paella, lie in the sun, watch a bull-fight and speak Spanish.

1) London; 2) Scotland; 3) India; 4) Mexico; 5) Paris; 6) Italy; 7) Egypt;

8) New York.

10. Translate into English:

1) Я бы не интересовался этим вопросом, если бы не возрастало его значение.

2) На вашем месте, я бы разговаривал с дочерью по-английски.

3) Если бы я разбогатела, я бы купила новый автомобиль.

4) – Куда бы ты сходил, если бы у тебя было свободное время? – Я бы, конечно, сходил в кино. Очень интересный фильм идёт в нашем кинотеатре.

5) Если бы театр был ближе, мы смогли бы пойти пешком.

6) – Кого бы вы пригласили, если бы организовали вечер в институте? – Мы бы пригласили своих друзей.

7) – Что бы ты купила, если бы твоя подруга пригласила тебя на день рождения? – Я бы, конечно, купила цветы. Она очень любит цветы.

8) На вашем месте, я бы не принимал столь скоропалительное и необдуманное решение.

9) – Пойдём сыграем футбол! – Я бы с большим удовольствием присоединился к вам, если бы не завтрашний экзамен по математике.

10) Твоё платье сразу бы стало выглядеть лучше, если бы ты поменяла пуговицы.

11) Я бы дала тебе её адрес, если бы знала его.

12) На твоём месте я бы обратился к адвокату, а ты предпочитаешь помощь какого-то Спарка.

13) Она не взяла бы деньги, даже если бы он и предложил.

14) Если бы он интересовался английским, то использовал бы любую возможность поговорить на языке.

15) Мы бы увидели эту парочку, если бы подождали ещё минутку.

Unit 5 Type III ConditionalS

1. Type III Conditionals assume something purely imaginary in the if -clause and consider the imagined consequences in the main clause.

if-clause main clause

if + Past Perfect would + Perfect Infinitive

If he had tried harder, he would have succeeded.

Other modals can replace would in Type III Conditionals when we feel that theimagined consequences were less likely, or when we are referring toability, possibility, etc.:

imagined condition imagined outcome

If he had been here yesterday, he could have told us (ability).

If he had been here yesterday, he might have told us (possibility).

If he had received a present, he should have thanked her (duty).

2. Type III Conditionals refer to consequences which did not and could not ever happen because they refer to something that didn't happen in the past.

If I had worked harder at school, I'd have got a better job (referring to something possible: often expressing regret).

If I had lived in the Stone Age, I would have been a hunter (referring to a completely impossible situation).

E X E R C I S E S

1. Put the verb into the correct form.

Model: If I had known (know) that you were ill last week, I’d have gone to see you.

1) Tom got to the station in time. If he ___ (miss) the train, he would have been late for his interview.

2) It’s good that Ann reminded me about Tom’s birthday. I ___ (forget) if she hadn’t reminded me.

3) We might not have stayed at this hotel if George ___ (not/recommend) it to us.

4) I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I ___ (have) your address.

5) Rome ___ (be captured) by her enemies if the geese hadn’t cackled.

6) If he had put out his pipe before putting it in his pocket he ___ (not burn) a hole in his coat.

7) You ___ (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

8) I ___ (take) a taxi if I had realized that it was such a long way.

9) He would have been arrested if he ___ (try) to leave the country.

10) They would have forced their way into the house if I ___ (not call) for help.

11) If you hadn’t been in such a hurry you ___ (not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt.

12) If I ___ (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.

13) You ___ (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were going.

14) She had a headache; otherwise she ___ (come) with us.

15) If you ___ (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was missing.

2. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs. Use could have (done) or might have (done) in the main class.

Model: If I had managed (manage) to repair my car earlier, I could have driven (drive) you to London.

1) If I ___ (know) last week that she was ill, I ___ (visit) her.

2) If you ___ (not want) to drive straight home, we ___ (miss) all this traffic.

3) If you ___ (ask) politely, I ___ (help) you.

4) If the weather forecast ___ (be) different, we ___ (stay) at home.

5) We ___ (be) at the airport for hours, if we ___ (not know) that the flight was delayed.

6) I ___ (make) a bad mistake, if I ___ (not read) the instructions.

7) We ___ (have) an accident, if our car ___ (not be) properly serviced.

8) If he ___ (fasten) his seatbelt, he ___ (not be) hurt.

9) She ___ (not hear) the news, if she ___ (not turn on) the radio this morning.

10) If they ___ (could see) us, they ___ (laugh).

11) They ___ (play) better, if they ___ (have) more training.

WILL YOU LEND ME YOUR BIKE?

Open the brackets.

BOTH RIGHT AND BOTH WRONG

The black car screamed round the corner on the wrong side of the road and passed a white car doing exactly the same thing in the other direction. Both drivers stopped and got out of their cars. ‘If I (1) (be) had been on my side of the road, you (2) ___ (kill) me’, driver A shouted. ‘But you weren’t on your side of the road,’ driver B shouted back. ‘If you (3) ___ (... driving) more carefully, you (4) ___ (not be) on the wrong side of the road.’ ‘If I (5) ___ (know) what was round the corner, I (6) ___ (keep) to my side of the road,’ driver A said. ‘If you (7) ___ (know) what was round the corner, you (8) ___ (... not driving) so carelessly.’ Suddenly, both men stopped shouting and driver A said, very quietly, ‘If we both (9) ___ (not be) on the wrong side of the road. we (10) ___ (be) dead now.’ Without speaking a further word, both men shook hands and drove away.

6. Comment on the following situations with if (expressing regret, etc.).

7. Read a situation and write a sentence with if .

5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed another bank in the centre of town. As usual, he only stole $10. If he (1) had left (leave) any clues, he (2) ___ (be) in prison now, but he’s much too clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if he (3) ___ (not/do) that, the police (4) ___ (have) him on film now. The strange thing is, Fingers doesn’t seem to be interested in the money; if he (5) ___ (be), he (6) ___ (can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He says that if he (7) ___ (think) they weren’t going to arrest Fingers eventually, he (8) ___ (leave) the police force long ago.

Translate into Russian.

1) Если бы он не был таким рассеянным, он не принял бы вас за мою сестру.

2) Алиса не купила бы эти книги, если бы не сдавала экзамен по истории.

3) Если бы вы приняли лекарство, вы были бы сейчас здоровы.

4) Если бы Чарльз знал адрес, он бы уже пришёл к этому времени.

5) Вероника не поехала бы с ним на Север после окончания института, если бы не любила его.

6) Если бы мы не были знакомы, он бы не пригласил нас на вечер.

7) Если бы я был на твоём месте, я бы проверил факты до того как написал письмо.

8) Он бы не опоздал на завтрак, если бы не разговаривал по телефону так долго.

9) Если бы ты была более тактичным человеком, ты бы не сказала ей это.

10) Если бы Сью работала усерднее в прошлом месяце, она не была бы так занята сейчас.

UNIT 7 "IF ONLY", "I WISH"

If only

'Only' can be placed after if and indicates hope, wish or regret according to the tense used with it:

a) if only + Present Indefinite / Future Indefinite – to express hope

If only he comes in time (= we hope he will come).

If only he will listen to her (= we hope he will be willing to listen).

b) if only + Past/Past Perfect – to express regret

If only he didn’t drive so fast. (= we are sorry he drives so fast)

If only you hadn't said that. (= we are sorry you said that)

If only I knew it for sure.– Ах, если бы я была в этом уверена (сейчас).

If only I had told her the truth. – Ах, если бы я сказала ей правду (в прошлом).

c) if only + would can express regret about a present action as an alternative to if only + past tense (it has the same meaning as wish + would).

If onl y he would drive more slowly.(= we are sorry that he isn’t willing to drive more slowly).

I wish

Wish expresses present, future, and past situations.

Here is a summary of patterns using wish:

I wish he came. – Хорошо бы он пришёл.

I wish you knew him. – Жаль, что вы его не знаете.

I wish you had come. – Жаль, что вы не пришли.

E X E R C I S E S

1. Match the comments with the answers.

2. Write sentences with ‘I wish’.

Model: It’s raining very hard. ® I wish it weren’t raining so hard.

1) We haven’t time to stop.

2) John didn’t pass the exam.

3) It’s very cold in here.

4) There’s no time to spare.

5) George won’t help.

6) Mary didn’t come.

7) I didn’t see the match last week.

8) I can’t give up smoking.

9) Tina can’t come to the party.

10) She doesn’t know anything about cars.

11) I’m not lying on a sunny beach.

12) I hate having to do homework every night.

13) I decided to work in London.

14) We sold the house we had in Manchester.

15) We didn’t realize that a supermarket was opening nearby.

16) We put our money into a grocery shop.

17) We borrowed $3.000 to start the business.

18) It was a mistake to leave Manchester.

3. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation write a sentence with ‘I wish’.

Model: You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick.

You say I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.

1) There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong.

You say: I wish I ____.

2) When you were younger, you didn’t learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.

You say: ____.

3) You’ve painted the gate red. Now you think that it doesn’t look very nice.

You say: ____.

4) You have some unexpected guests. They didn’t tell you they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them.

You say (to yourself): ____.

5) You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn’t bring your camera.

You say: ____.

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1) I ___ (tell) you if I hear from him.

2) If I ___ (understand) the question, I might be able to answer it.

3) If she’d passed her exams, she ___ (go) to university.

4) We ___ (miss) the lecture unless we hurry.

5) He ___ (buy) a car provided that he passes his driving test.

6) The teacher ___ (not/shout) at her if she did her homework.

7) I ___ (run) home if I’d known the football match was on TV.

8) The animals at the zoo ___ (die) unless they’re fed.

9) He’ll be furious if he ever ___ (find out) about this.

Writing Activity

Oral Activity

PROGRESS TEST

Choose the correct answer.

1) If she … not so slowly she would enjoy the party.

2) If you … my library book I will have to buy a new one.

3) If she … you were in hospital she would have visited you.

4) I wish I … rich.

5) I wish I … his opinion before.

6) I wish I … to the Tower when I was in London.

7) I wish I … much yesterday.

8) If she … not so slowly she would enjoy the party.

Make up sentences.

53) She / it / so / have / had / fallen / slippery / been / wouldn't / if / not

54) had / I / you / chosen / would / I / have / If / been / green / been / the / one

55) lot / if / would / trained / the / they / have / had / Our / won / a / team / game

56) would / to / ill / place / have / your / if / been / had / He / come / not / he

57) lay / would / gone /country / had / if / not / a / have / it / I / the / been / nasty / to

58) it / were / wish / now / summer / I

59) I / had / I / been / wish / so / not / modest

60) redundant / been / made / If / I / only / hadn't

Translate into English.

61) Если бы ты не был так занят, мы бы пошли куда-нибудь пообедать.

62) Я бы никогда не подумал, что это возможно, если бы не увидел это своими глазами.

63) О, если бы он был здесь.

64) Такая странная мысль никогда не пришла бы мне в голову, если бы не подозрительное поведение этого человека.

65) Если бы не Вы, я бы никогда не написал бы эту статью.

66) Я бы теперь чувствовал себя так неловко, если бы последовал советам этого человека.

67) Если бы не ты, я бы никогда не справился с этой работой.

68) Даже если бы я хранила письма, я бы никогда не показывала их тебе.

69) Если бы он знал, что ты находишься сейчас в больнице, он бы навестил тебя.

70) Я обязательно передам ему все новости, как только увижу его.

71) При условии, что ты будешь больше заниматься языком, ты добьёшься больших успехов.

72) На вашем месте, я бы всегда разговаривал по-английски.

73) Будь я там, я бы позвонил Анне.

74) Если я увижу Кон, я попрошу её позвонить тебе.

75) Если бы вы знали, что пойдёт дождь, вам следовало бы взять с собой зонтик.

76) Чарльз написал бы вам, если бы ему был известен ваш адрес.

77) Если бы вы не позвонили Кэрол, всё было бы в порядке.

78) Жаль, что мы пришли так поздно.

79) Даже если бы она сдала экзамен на плохую отметку, она бы всё равно поехала с нами.

80) Сью выглядела бы более привлекательной, если бы изменила причёску.

81) На вашем месте, я бы не ездил туда.

82) Жаль, что ты не воспользовался этой возможностью.

83) Вы бы не опоздали на поезд, если бы взяли такси.

84) – Что ты собираешься делать завтра? – Если завтра будет хорошая погода, то мы поедем на пляж.

85) Он не придёт, если его сестре не станет лучше.

86) Если бы он не был таким рассеянным, он бы не потерял свои книги.

87) Даже если бы он сдал экзамен, он бы не пошёл с нами в театр.

88) Мы бы не пошли в этот магазин, если бы знали цены.

89) Элис не делала бы мне такие подарки, если бы не любила меня.

90) Что бы ты купил, если бы тебе дали тысячу долларов?

91) Жаль, что все билеты в театр уже проданы.

92) Если бы я был на твоём месте, я бы проверил факты до того как написал письмо.

93) Ты увидишь его вместе с Паулой, если задержишься на некоторое время.

94) Ты бы никогда не поступил на исторический факультет, если бы не любил историю.

95) Я смогу купить эти книги при условии, что ты отдолжишь мне деньги.

96) Жаль, что она не сможет поехать с нами в Лондон.

97) Вам следовало бы сказать им правду. У вас не было бы таких неприятностей.

98) Если бы ты слушала своего отца, ты бы не попала в беду.

99) Жаль, что мои родители не увидят этого.

100) При условии, что мой сын будет учиться хорошо, я куплю ему новый велосипед.

Total: 100/______

ENTRY TEST

Unit 1

Unit 3

Unit 4

Unit 5

Unit 6

Unit 1 SEQUENCE OF TENSES

By the term sequence of tenses is meant the relationship of tense forms of verbs in a sentence.

The verb of a subordinate clause is made to agree with a principal verb according to the following rules:

1. Principal verbs in the present or the future tenses take subordinate verbs in any tense:

He says he has to go/ will go / had to go.

He will understand that he has been in the wrong/ was in the wrong.

2. Principal verbs in the past-time tenses should be followed by subordinate verbs that denote past time (Past Indefinite, Past Perfect, Past Continuous or Future-in-the-Past):

He said he had to go/ would go.

He said that he had won.

He had tried hard in order that he might win.

3. If the subordinate clause expresses a general truth – a fact that is true for all time – a past tense in a principal clause may be followed by a present tense in a subordinate clause:

John said that Minsk is the capital of Belarus.

The rules of Sequence of Tenses are not characteristic of Russian, and these differences in the language systems cause some problems in translation. Cf.:

He said (that) Mary translate d Он сказал, что Мэри переводит

articles without a dictionary. статьи без словаря.

He said (that) Mary was translating Он сказал, что Мэри переводит

the article in her room. статью в своей комнате.

He said (that) Mary would give me Он сказал, что Мэри даст ему

the article when she translated it. статью, когда она ее

Переведет.

Он сказал, что пишет ей письма He said (that) he wrote to her daily.

каждый день.

Он сказал, что он сейчас ей пишет He said (that) he was writing a letter

письмо. to her.

Он сказал, что он написал ей He said (that) he had written to

об этом. her about it.

The rules of Sequence of Tenses are especially active in Reported Speech when speakers need to introduce grammatical changes to show the differences between their current situation and the situation they are reporting.

Besides the change of the tense forms there are some other special strategies in indirect speech: changing time and place references, personal pronouns and reporting verbs. The basic rules for forming indirect, or Reported Speech are presented below.

E x e r c i s e s

E x e r c i s e s

Put in tell or say.

1) All the experts … the Earth is getting warmer.

2) Did you … Mark and Roger how to find our house?

3) The sales manager is going to … everyone about the meeting.

4) Nora, why don’t you just … what the matter is.

5) They … they’re going to build a new Disney World here.

6) What did he … about his holiday plans?

7) Could you … me the way to the train station, please?

8) The company should … its employees what’s going on.

9) You shouldn’t … lies, you know, James.

10) Did you … anything to Bob about the barbecue?

UNIT 3 REPORTED STATEMENTS

1. To report statements a reporting verb (say, tell, explain, etc.) followed by a that-clause is used.In spoken English that can be omitted: He said, “I feel sick. He said (that) he felt sick.

2. Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context.

Direct Speech: Reported Speech:

He said, “ I ’ll lend you my car”. He said he would lend me his car.

3. Verb Tenses and time expressions change in Reported Speech:

a) when the introductory verb is in a past tense: She said that she was leaving the following week.

b) in out-of-date reporting: When I saw Alec he said he was going to England the next month.

c) when there is a difference between what was said and what is really true: You said you liked (not ‘you like’) chocolate, but you aren’t eating any.

4. When the reporting verb is in the past, the verb tenses change according to the rules of Sequence of Tenses as follows:

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present Indefinite Þ	Past/Present Indefinite
“Helikeswalking,” she said.	She said he liked/likes walking.
Present Continuous Þ	Past Continuous
“Heis watching TV,” he said.	He said he was watchingTV.
Present Perfect Þ	Past Perfect
“He has just left,” she said.	She said hehad just left.
Past Indefinite Þ	Past Indefinite/Past Perfect
“I went home early,” she said.	She said she went/hadgone home early.
Future Þ	Future-in-the-Past
“He’ll be back in an hour,” she said.	She said he would be back in an hour.
Present Perfect Continuous Þ	Past Perfect Continuous
“I’ve been typing since night,” she said.	She said she had been typing since night.

NOTE 1:

a) If the statement is still up to date when reported, then there is a choice. You can either leave the tense the same, or you can change it:

John said he is/was going to Rome in April.(a future event is expressed)

Sarah told me that her father owns/owned a racehorse. (it is possible to say that her father owns a racehorse because it is still true)

Peter told me today that he lost his watch some days ago. (recent report)

Mary said her mother is seriously ill. (the situation hasn’t changed, it’s relevancy at the present moment is emphasized)

b) If the statement is no longer up to date, then the tense is changed.

John said he was going to Rome in April. (now it is May)

Sarah once told me that her father owned a racehorse. (he may no longer own one)

Peter told me last month that he had lost his watch some days before. (remote past report)

Last month I met Mary. She said her mother was seriously ill. (the event is past, the situation might have changed)

NOTE 2: If the verb is Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous, it stays the same: “My money had run out.” Daniel said his money had run out.

5. Certain words can change as follows depending on the time reference.

6. There are no changes in the verb tenses in Reported Speech when the direct sentence expresses a general truth. (See Unit 3)

“The Earth is a planet,” he said. He said the Earth is a planet.

E x e r c i s e s

Interview 1

“…It’s not what people think it is. I mean, you would, all you do is, you do all the dirty jobs, you have to clean people’s boots, you have to pick up their kit, wash out the bathrooms, scrub the floors, it’s – things like that. Paint walls. We were doing that sort of thing…”

Report

He said that life for a young professional football player wasn’t what people thought it was. All they did was the dirty jobs: they had to clean people’s boots, pick up their kit, wash out the bathrooms, scrub the floors, paint walls and things like that…

Interview 2

“… Some of the travelling isn’t too-too good. I mean, going up on a Friday night and staying in a hotel. It’s all right, but it’s not – you know, I mean, it takes you away from your family and your kids a little bit. Sometimes travelling can be very monotonous. I mean, that’s a thing you have to put up with, but I think certain things you have to do in travelling are very boring…”

Report …. She said that…

Interview 3

“…Actually imprisonment doesn’t do any good, it doesn’t deter crime, it doesn’t stop crime, doesn’t deter people from committing a crime, and it costs society a lot of money to keep them there, between three and four hundred pounds a week… What deters people from committing crimes is the thought that they are actually going to get caught. Only about 15% of crimes are cleared in Britain. That means 85% of the crimes that are committed are not cleared up. So people think they are not going to get caught…”

Report… He said that…

Interview 4

“…I think that although some lip-service is paid to prison being rehabilitative, that actually it is a straight punishment. By and large in prison you sit and mark time, you have lost your job, you may well lose your family, you may well lose your accommodation while you are there, and you quite frequently come out knowing a lot more about how to break the law, and with a lot less reason not to do it again, because you’ve lost all the other things in the community that keep you from doing it in the first place, so I actually have a fairly negative view overall of what prison does…”

Report… He said that…

UNIT 4 REPORTED QUESTIONS

1. In Reported questions affirmative word order is used andthe question mark is omitted.

2. To report a question one can use:

a) ask + wh-word (who, what, etc.) when the direct question begins with such a word,

b) ask + if / whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb (do, has, can, etc).

3. Pronouns, possessive adjectives, tenses, time expressions etc. change as in statements.

Direct Speech:	Reported Speech:
	He said, “Where did he stay?”	Heasked where he had stayed.
	He said, “Did you have a nice time?”	He asked if/whether I had had a nice time.

NOTE: Tense changes: Present becomes Past and Past becomes Past Perfect”:

“ Are you ready?”– He asked (me) if/whether I was ready

But if you are reporting a question that has just been asked, you can say:

“ Are you ready?”-“What did John ask you?”– He asked (me) if/whether I’m ready.

E x e r c i s e s

A job interview

I think the interview went well. He wanted to know whether a...whether...

number of things about me and what I had been doing...\/ ………

1) in the last few years. First he asked me if I have had had ………….

2) a nice trip down from Manchester and how long it ………….

3) had been taken me to get there. He also wanted to know ………….

4) whether or it had been snowing in Manchester. The chitchat ………….

5) over, he asked from me how old I was and where I was born ………

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