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Форма сослагательного наклоненияshould + Infinitive в придаточных предложениях после it is important (necessary) Для выражения предположения, сомнения, опасения, высказывания мнения, совета употребляется форма should + Infinitive в придаточном предложении. Форма should + Perfect Infinitive употребляется, если действие относится к сфере прошедшего времени. Данное сочетание употребляется:
Exercise I Open the brackets:
Exercise II Complete the sentences, using the correct forms of the verb:
1. If you leave the door open... 2. If I had a car... 3. If she has any sense... 4. I would have sent for the doctor if... 5. Try on the green dress if... 6. Unless the weather improves... 7. If your mother saw you... 8. She might have passed the exam if... 9. Your hair would look better if... 10. If they hadn’t turned the radio... Exercise III Put questions to the following sentences according to the pattern:
Pattern: If it is sunny on Sunday we’ll go to the country. But what’ll we do if it is rainy? 1. If they get a lift they won’t be late. 2. If Moscow airport is clear of fog we’ll land there. 3. If I pass all my exams successfully I’ll try to enter the university this year. 4. Tell your parents the truth. I’m sure they’ll believe you. 5. Your parachute will open in five seconds. 6. If the baby is a boy we’ll call him Alexander. Условные предложения
Exercise I Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения I, II и III типов. E.g. If you (to bе) free, I (to come) to see you, If you are free, I shall come to see you. If you were free, I should cometo see you. If you had been free, I should have come to see you. If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad. If I see her, I shall be glad. If I saw her, I should be glad. If I had seen her, I should have been glad.
1. If you (to be) busy, 1 (to leave) you alone. 2. If myfriend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad. 3. If mother (to buy) а cake, we (to have) а very nice tea party. 4. If we (to receive) а telegram fromhim, we (not to worry). 5. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) the exam. 6. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Art Gallery every year. 7. If I (to get) а ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic. 8. If I (to live). near а wood, I (to gather) а lot of mushrooms. 9. If myfather (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 10. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university.
Exercise II Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
1. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 2. If you (to give) meyour address, I shall write you а letter. 3. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be а much better student. 4. If my sister does not go to the south, we (to spend) the summerin St Petersburg together. 5. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 6. If you (not to get) tickets for the Philharmonic, we shall stay at home. 7. If you were not so сагеless about your health, you (to consult) the doctor. 8. I should be delighted if I (to have) such а beautiful fur coat. 9. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 10. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 11. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 12. I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 13. If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 14. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do. Exercise III Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
1. If you (not to buy) coffee, we shall drink tea 2. If he is free tomorrow, he certainly (to come) to our party. 3. My brother would not have missed so many lessons if he (not to hurt) his leg. 4. If my friend (to work) in my office, we should meet every day. 5. If you spoke English every day, you (to improve) your language skills. 6. If you get а «five» your mother (to be) happy. 7. If she (to return) earlier, she would have been able to see him before he left. 8. If these shoes were not too big for me, I (to buy) them. 9. If you (to ring) me up, I shall tell you a secret. 10. If you (to be) а poet, you would write beautiful poetry. 11. If he did not read so much, he (not to know) English literature so well. 12. If he (to come)to our house yesterday, he would have met his friend. 13. If he (not to pass) his exam, he will not get а scholarship. 14. If she (not to help) me, I should have been in а very difficult situation. 15. My father would have morefree time if he (not to read) so many newspapers. 16. If only you had let meknow, I (to go) there immediately. 17. If I were famous singer, I (to get) а lot of flowers every day.
Exercise IV Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
1. If my brother (to be) in trouble, I shall help him, of course. 2. If I don't manage to finish my report today, I (to stay) at home tomorrow. 3. If she were morecareful about her diet, she (not to be) so stout. 4. You would not feel so bad if you (not to smoke) too much. 5. If he (to learn) the poem,he would not have got а bad mark. 6. If you gave me yourdictionary for а couple of days, I (to translate) this text. 7. If I (to be) а musician, I should be very happy. 8. If Barbara (to get) up at half past eight, she would have been late for school. 9. If you had not put the cup on the edge of the table, it (not to get) broken. 10. I should be very glad if he (to come) to myplace. 11. If he (to live) in St Petersburg, he would go to the Hermitage every week. 12. If you (to go) to the theatre with us last week, you would have enjoyed the evening. 13. You won't understand the rule if you (not to listen) to the teacher. 14. If he weren't such а bookworm, he (not to spend) so much time sitting in the library. 15. I should not have bought the саг if my friend (not to lend) me money. 16. If he did not live in St Petersburg, we (not to meet)so often. 17. If he had warned me, I (to do) the work in time.
Exercise V Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
1. If it (to snow), the children will play snowballs. 2. If I (not to know) English, I should not be able to enjoy Byron's poetry. 3. I (not to do) it if you did not ask me. 4. If men(to have) no weapons, would wars be possible? 5. You will never finish your work if you (to waste) your time like that. 6. If I (to have) his telephone number, I should easily settle this matter with him. 7. If I (to have) this rare book I should gladly lend it to you. 8. The dish would have been much moretasty if she (to be) а better cook. 9. Не never (to phone) you if I hadn't reminded him to do that. 10. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly. 11. If he (to be) morecourageous, he would not be afraid. 12. If the fisherman had been less patient, he (not to catch) so much fish. 13. If you (to put) the ice cream into the refrigerator, it would not have melted. 14. If I (to know) the result now, I would phone her immediately. 15. If you had let meknow yesterday, I (to bring) you my book.
Exercise VI Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
1. If she (to ask) meyesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 2. If you (to do) your morning exercises every day, your health would be much better. 3. If he is not very busy, he (to agree) to go to the museumwith us. 4. If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 5. If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 6. If they (to know) it befоrе, they would have taken measures. 7. If I (to get) this book, I shall be happy. 8. If you really loved music, you (to go) to the Philharmonic much moreoften. 9. If you had not wasted so much time, you (not to miss)the train. 10. If you (not to miss)the train, you would have arrived оп time. 11. You (not to miss)the teacher's explanation if you had arrived on time. 12. You would have understood the rule if you (not to miss) the teacher's explanation. 13. If you (to understand) the rule, you would have written the рaper successfully. 14. If you had written the рарег successfully, you (not to get) а bad mark. 15. Your mother (not to scold) you if you had not got а bad mark. 16. If your mother (not to scold) you, you would have felt happier. Exercise VII Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form. 1. If it (to rain) tomorrow, our game will be cancelled. 2. If а dog (to bite) her on the leg, she would go straight to hospital. 3. If he had known it was going to rain, he (to take) his umbrella to work today. 4. If only I (to have) morepocket money, I could buy somenew English books. 5. If she hadn't missed the bus, she (not to be) late for work. 6. If I (to live) two hundred years ago, I couldn't have spoken on the telephone. 7. If my daughter did her homework carefully, she (to get) much better marks. She's really а smart little girl. 8. If his friend (to be) in the mood to see a film, they would have gone to the cinema last night.
Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
Инфинитив (the Infinitive) произошел от отглагольного существительного (the Verbal Noun). Как неличная форма глагола, близкая к существительному, инфинитив выполняет в предложении все те синтаксические функции, которые выполняет существительное, а именно: подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства, определения, части составного именного и простого сказуемого и, кроме того, части сложного составного сказуемого. Наиболее типичным свойством инфинитива как глагола является его способность выражать характер действия (длительность, законченность) и залог. Являясь неличной формой глагола, инфинитив не может выражать лицо, число и наклонение. Но вместе со вспомогательным или модальным глаголом-связкой, выражающими лицо, число, время, он образует простое сказуемое, составное глагольное сказуемое, составное именное сказуемое. Инфинитив может также выполнять функции подлежащего, дополнения, определения, обстоятельства. В английском языке имеется шесть форм инфинитива, которые соответствуют четырем группам времен, два из которых имеют форму страдательного залога (для переходных глаголов).
Функции инфинитива в предложении и способы его перевода
Exercise 1. Choose the correct translation.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct translation.
Exercise 3. Analyze and translate the sentences. 1. Indeed, to know her is to love her. 2. He stopped to buy an evening paper. 3. Two young men were arrested only to be released. 4. He woke to find it was still dark. 5. I remember to have been living in the Caucasus for two years before the war broke out. 6. My friend was glad to have been given such an interesting assignment. 7. She hoped to be sent to study abroad. 8. The data to be used have been carefully analyzed. 9. To understand Russian culture is impossible without the names of Bulgakov, Platonov and Pasternak. 10. To do it accurately was the main problem. 11. To tell him the truth at the moment meant nearly to kill him. 12. Our plan was to begin the experimental part of the research by the end of the month. 13. It was not the sort of thing to be said over the telephone. 14. His real motive is to protect emotional stability in his family. 15. Mrs. Jane Makin woke early to find two burglars carrying her TV set from her home.
Инфинитивные обороты
В современном английском языке имеются три конструкции, или оборота, с инфинитивом: 1) объектный инфинитивный оборот (the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction); 2) субъектный инфинитивный оборот (the Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction); 3) инфинитив с предлогом for (the for-to-Infinitive Construction).
COMPLEX OBJECT Объектный инфинитивный оборот
Конструкция «объектный (винительный) падеж с инфинитивом», или «объектный инфинитивный оборот», состоит из «вводящего» глагола, местоимения в объектном падеже или существительного в общем падеже и инфинитива. В предложении эта конструкция выполняет функцию сложного дополнения (Complex Object).
Этот оборот употребляется после глаголов, выражающих:
1) желание и намерение: to want, to wish, to desire, to intend, to mean; 2) умственное восприятие: to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine; 3) приказ, разрешение, просьбу: to order, to ask, to allow, to have, to make; 4) чувственное (физическое) восприятие: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice (после этих глаголов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to); 5) чувства и эмоции: to like, to love, to hate, to dislike.
На русский язык этот оборот переводится придаточным дополнительным предложением с союзами что, чтобы, как. Существительное или местоимение становится подлежащим, а инфинитив – сказуемым русского придаточного предложения. Следует обращать внимание, как на форму предшествующего глагола, так и на форму самого инфинитива. Indefinite Infinitive передается глаголом в настоящем (иногда в прошедшем) времени, Perfect Infinitive передается глаголом в прошедшем времени. После глаголов to expect, to hope чаще всего передается глаголом в будущем времени.
Exercise 1. Analyze and translate the sentences. 1. We expect these phenomena to have been investigated. 2. Everybody considers her to be a great organizer. 3. We found that effect to have been unknown. 4. They thought the information to have been published recently. 5. Knowing him to be good at psychology, I asked him to explain this rule. 6. The scientist expected his assistants to obtain some new data. 7. If the Government expected the tenants to take the increase lying down, they were very much mistaken. 8. They heard him deny it. 9. This story was told to get him to go to the police station. 10. The major Powers expect the talks to take place at the end of the next month. 11. They announced it to be the law. 12. She meant him to do it. 13. I haven't heard anyone call me. 14. They saw the fire slowly conquering the rооm. 15. Everybody expected her to marry Pete.
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