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The morpheme. Its types of meaning. The allomorph





The morpheme is the basic unit which is defined as the smallest, indivisible, 2 facet language unit. Like a word a morpheme is a two-facet language unit, an association of a certain meaning with a certain sound-pattern. Unlike a word a morpheme is not an autonomous unit and can occur in speech only as a constituent part of the word.

Morphemes may be classified: from the semantic point of view: root-morphemes(is the lexical nucleus of a word, it has an individual lexical meaning shared by no other morpheme of the language. Besides it may also possess all other types of meaning proper to morphemes except the part-of-speech meaning which is not found in roots. The root-morpheme is isolated as the morpheme common to a set of words making up a word-cluster, for example the morpheme teach-in to teach, teacher, teaching, theor- in theory, theorist, theoretical, etc) non-root or affixational morphemes (include inflectional morphemes or inflections and affixational morphemes or affixes.

Inflections carry only grammatical meaning and are thus relevant only for the formation of word-forms, whereas affixes are relevant for building various types of stems – the part of a word that remains unchanged throughout its paradigm.)

Affixes (Affixes besides the meaning proper to root-morphemes possess the part-of-speech meaning and a eneralised lexical meaning.): prefixes(precedes the root-morpheme); suffixes(follows the root-morpheme);

from the structural point of view: free morphemes(may stand alone without changing their meaning

is defined as one that coincides with the stem or a word-form, e.g. the root-morpheme friend – of the noun friendship is naturally qualified as a free morpheme because it coincides with one of the forms of the noun friend.

bound morphemes (occurs only as a constituent part of a word, they never occur alone Affixes – make part of a word, e.g. the suffixes ness, -ship, -ise (-ize) the prefixes un-, dis-, de- Many root-morphemes – which always occur in morphemic sequences. All unique roots and pseudo-roots, e.g. theor- in theory, theoretical, etc))

semi-free (semi- bound) morphemes (are morphemes that can function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme, e.g. well and half on the one hand occur as free morphemes that coincide with the stem and the word-form in utterances like sleep well, half an hour, on the other hand they occur as bound morphemes in words like well-known, half-eaten, half-done.)

affixes: Functional (an affix which carries only grammatical meaning and is relevant for the formation of word forms; A word form, or the form of a word, is defined as one of the different aspects a word may take as a result of inflection. Complete sets of all the various forms of a word when considered as inflectional patterns, such as declensions or conjugations, are termed paradigms. A paradigm has been defined in grammar as the system of grammatical forms characteristic of a word, e. g. near, nearer, nearest; son, son’s, sons, sons’)

Derivational(a morpheme which added to the stem modifies the meaning of the root and form new words; One and the same lexico-grammatical meaning of the affix is sometimes accompanied by different combinations of various lexical meanings. Thus, the lexico-grammatical meaning supplied by the suffix -y consists in the ability to express the qualitative idea peculiar to adjectives and creates adjectives from noun stems. The lexical meanings of the same suffix are somewhat variegated: ‘full’ of, as in bushy or cloudy, ‘composed of’, as in stony, ‘having the quality of’, as in slangy, ‘resembling’, as in baggy, ‘covered with’, as in hairy and some more. This suffix sometimes conveys emotional components of meaning)

Types of meaning

Lexical meaning in morpheme can be analyzed into denotational (the component of the lexical meaning which makes communication possible) and connotational (the emotive charge and the stylistic value of the word; it can be found not only in root morphemes but in affixational morphemes as well) components, e.g. The morphemes, e.g. -ly, -like, -ish, have the denotational meaning of similarity in the words womanly, womanlike, womanish, the connotational component, however, differs and ranges from the positive evaluation in -ly (womanly) to the derogatory in -ish (womanish): женственный — женский — женоподобный, бабий.

Functional – the part of speech meaning. The root-morphemes do not possess the part-of-speech meaning (cf. manly, manliness, to man); but derivational morphemes carry this meaning. In some morphemes, however, for instance -ment or -ous (as in movement or laborious), it is the part-of-speech meaning that prevails, the lexical meaning is but vaguely felt. In some cases the functional meaning predominates. The morpheme -ice in the word justice, e.g., seems to serve principally to transfer the part-of-speech meaning of the morpheme just — into another class and namely that of noun. It follows that some morphemes possess only the functional meaning, i.e. they are the carriers of part-of-speech meaning.

Differential meaning is the semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes. In words consisting of two or more morphemes, one of the constituent morphemes always has differential meaning. In such words as, e. g., bookshelf, the morpheme -shelf serves to distinguish the word from other words containing the morpheme book-, e.g. from bookcase, book-counter and so on.

Distributional meaning – the meaning of the order and arrangement of morphemes making up the word. It is found in all words containing more than one morpheme. The word singer, e.g., is composed of two morphemes sing- and -er both of which possess the denotational meaning and namely ‘to make musical sounds’ (sing-) and ‘the doer of the action’ (-er). There is one more element of meaning, however, that enables us to understand the word and that is the pattern of arrangement of the component morphemes. A different arrangement of the same morphemes, e.g. *ersing, would make the word meaningless.

The combining form allo- from Greek allos ‘other’ is used in linguistic terminology to denote elements of a group whose members together constitute a structural unit of the language (allophones, allomorphs). Thus, for example, -ion/-sion/-tion/-ation in are the positional variants of the same suffix. To show this they are here taken together and separated by the sign /. They do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound form depending on the final phoneme of the preceding stem. They are considered as variants of one and the same morpheme and called its allomorphs.So the allomorph is a position variant of a morpheme which may slightly differ in form or spelling


IC method. Morphemic and word-formation analysis

IC method

The method is based on the fact that a word characterised by morphological divisibility (analysable into morphemes) is involved in certain structural correlations.

Breaking a word into its immediate constituents we observe in each cut the structural order of the constituents (which may differ from their actual sequence). Furthermore we shall obtain only two constituents at each cut, the ultimate constituents, however, can be arranged according to their sequence in the word: un-+gent-+-le+-man+'ly.







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