Hold, carry, cost, take place, provide, sell, use

1. Most people know that London will hold the 2012 summer Olympic Games.

2. Most of the Games_______ in three areas of London: in the Olympic Park in East London; along the River Thames; and in Central London.
3. The Olympic Village, in the same area, _______ accommodation for over 17,000 athletes.

4. A new railway link _______ spectators to the Olympic Park.

5. The organizers _______ 8 million tickets for the Olympic Games, and a further 1.6 million for the Paralympics.

6. 75% of the tickets _______ less than £70.

7. For some events the Games _______ well-known places in Central London such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade.

7.3 Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the future simple:

1. I'm sure he (not be) late. – I'm sure he won't be late.

2. (I open) the window for you? – Shall I open the window for you?

3. How long (the journey take?)

4. I suppose (she be) in London next week.

5. John (phone) your office for you.

6. (There be) a lot of people at the meeting?

7. What time (the race start?)

8. He (never agree) to your idea.

9. You (never see) your money again.

10. What's the matter? (I phone) the doctor?

Be going to

Use

1) actions intended to be performed in the near future

She's going to visit her parents tomorrow.

2) planned actions or intentions

Now that they've settled in their new house, they 're going to have a party.

3) evidence that something will definitely happen in the near future

Ann is going to have a baby.

Look at the dark clouds in the sky It 's going to rain.

4) things we are sure about or we have already decided to do in the near future

He's going to be promoted. (The boss has decided to do it.)

Time expressions: tomorrow, tonight, next week / month, in two / three etc days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week / month etc.

7.4 Write the correct form of “ going to” and use one of these verbs to complete the sentences. Use each verb once only:

finish, complain, fall off, be, miss, die, rain, drive, work, fail

1. Look at those clouds! It is going to rain!

2. Look at the sun! It ______________ hot today.

3. Susan's not working very hard. I think she ________________ her exams.

4. He's very angry. He ________________ to the manager.

5. It's nearly four o'clock. The lesson ________________ soon.

6. I don't like travelling by plane. I _____________________ there.

7. This plan is too complicated. It (not) _____________________.

8. The President's very ill. I think he ______________________.

9. Watch the baby! She ______________________ the bed!

10. This bus is very slow. I think we _______________ the train.

7.5 Write these sentences in full, putting the verbs into the present continuous and supply the missing words where necessary:

1. I / see / them / Saturday. – I'm seeing them on Saturday.

2. They / come / here / three weeks. – They're coming here in three weeks.

3. I / meet / John / three o'clock.

4. What / you do / Friday night?

5. I / go / to the disco / Saturday evening.

6. We / go back / to the States / three years.

7. They / go on holiday / two days time.

8. I / not come home / Friday.

9. You / work late / tomorrow night?

10. We / not go to school / next week.

7.6 Write the correct form of “ going to” or “w ill” to complete the dialogue:

Laura: What are you doing this weekend, Tanya?

Tanya: I am going to see (see) a new play tomorrow at the Royal Court Theatre – 'Day of the Flood'.

Laura: Have you got the tickets yet?

Tanya: No, I 2 ___________ (get) them this afternoon, actually. Would you like to come?

Laura: Oh, thank you, that would be nice.

Tanya: OK, I 3__________________ (get) you a ticket too.

Laura: Great! What time does it start?

Tanya: Eight o'clock, but we 4 ______________ (all meet) in the Green Cafe at 7.15.

Laura: OK, I 5___________________ (meet) you in the cafe, but I 6 _____________ (be) there about half-past seven.

Tanya: That's fine.

Laura: Oh, one other thing. I've got no money at the moment. I 7______________ pay for the ticket on Saturday. Is that OK?

Tanya: Yes, that's OK, no problem.

Laura: 8_______________ (you eat) in the cafe, or just have a cup of coffee?

Tanya: Just a coffee I think.

Laura: Look, 9________________(we go) to a restaurant after the show? I know a very good Chinese restaurant.

Tanya: That's a good idea – I 10______________ (phone) the others and see if they want to come too.

Laura: Good, and then I 11______________ (book) a table. Great! I 12 ___________ (see) you tomorrow.

NOTE: Present tenses should be used instead of future tenses in the conditional or time clauses: e.g. You will be very surprised when you meet him. (not “ will meet ”) e.g. He will not do anything unless you tell him to. (not “ will tell ”)

7.7 Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the future simple or present simple:

1. I (give) it to them when they (visit) us. – I’ll give it to them when they visit us.

2. I (not send) the parcel until I (hear) from you. – I won't send the parcel until I hear from you.

3. As soon as they (phone) me, I (contact) you.

4. I (see) you before I (fly) to Paris.

5. They (send) you the money before they (leave).

6. When I (talk) to him, I (give) him your news.

7. She (visit) her parents before she (go) to the airport.

8. I (finish) this when I (be) at the office.

9. I (send) you a postcard when I (get) to Bermuda.

10. She (do) her homework before she (go) out.

11. After I (visit) the hospital, I (go) and see her parents.

12. I (phone) Mary when we (get) to San Francisco.

13. I (call) you as soon as we (sign) the contract.

Present Perfect

Use

1) recently completed actions

She has tidied her room. (She has finished tidying her room. You can see it is tidy now. – evidence in the present)

2) actions which happened at an unstated past time and are connected with the present

He has lost his keys. (He is still looking for them.)

3) personal experiences / changes which have happened

I’ve lost 10 kilos.

4) emphasis on number

She 's written three letters since this morning. She has called on two clients since 12 o'clock.

Time expressions: just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions), always, how long, so far, recently, since (= from a starting point in the past), for (= over a period of time), today, this week/month etc

Note: live, feel and work can be used either in the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Cont. with no difference in meaning.

I’ve been living / I’ve livedin Rome for a year.

8.1 Use the prompts to make a question:

e.g. you / ever / see a humming bird? – Have you ever seen a humming bird? It's the world smallest bird.

1. you / ever / read War and Peace? It's one of the longest 19th-century novels.

2. you / ever / visit San Marino? It's Europe’s second smallest country.

3. you / ever / swim in the Pacific Ocean? It's the largest ocean in the world.

4. you / ever / take a trip to the Sahara Desert? It's one of the hottest places in the world.

8.2 Complete each sentence with one of the time words in the list. You will need to use some words more than once:

Since, yet, for, already

In the laboratory....

Sue: 'Haven't you left yet?'

Michael: 'No. I’ve been here _____ 8.00 this morning.'

Sue: 'Have you checked the results of the experiment _____? '

Michael: 'Yes, I’ve _____ done that.'

Sue: 'We’ve worked on this project _____ three weeks. Unfortunately we haven't discovered anything interesting _____.'

Michael: 'No, nothing has happened _____ last Tuesday.'

Sue: 'Yes, I know. I’ve _____ seen your report.'

Michael: 'So I’m going to do the experiment again. But I haven't started it _____.'

Sue: 'Don't bother. I’ve _____ started it. I haven't checked _____, but I think we're going to get the same results.'

NOTE: Spot the difference between the following: Have gone to / Have been to / Have been in

Past simple

Use

1) past actions which happened one after the other

She sealed the letter, put a stamp on it and posted it

2) past habit or state

He used to go/went to school on foot

3) complete action or event which happened at a stated past time

She called an hour ago. (When? An hour ago.)

Action which happened at a definite past time although the time is not mentioned. This action is not connected with the present Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. (Shakespeare is now dead; he won't write again. - period of time now finished)

Time expressions: yesterday, last week etc, (how long) ago, then, just now, when, in the 1945 etc.

9.1 Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets. Then decide if each sentence is True or False:

1. Greek actors (wear) wore masks and special boots. True

2. Spartan children (take) _______ baths only two or three times a year.

3. The philosopher Sуcrates (drink) _______ poison and died.

4. Alexander the Great's army (go) _______ as far as China.

5. Heron of Alexandria (make) _______ a kind of jet engine.

6. The Roman Emperor Caligula's name (mean) _______ 'Happy Soldier'.

7. Roman mathematics (have) _______ no zero.

8. Most Roman girls (get) _______ married at the age of 18.

9. Roman soldiers (pay) _______ for their own equipment and food.

10. The Romans (know) _______ how to make soap and cement.

9.2 Seven of the sentences (including the example) contain historical errors. Guess which ones are wrong and rewrite them with a negative past simple form:

1. Alexander the Great married Cleopatra. – Alexander the Great didn’t marry Cleopatra.

2. Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa in 1994.

3. Leonardo da Vinci invented the Internet.

4. Confucius the Chinese philosopher died in 1900.

5. Marco Polo stayed in China for five years.

6. The ancient Romans used steam engines in their battles.

7. Genghis Khan invaded Italy and captured Rome.

8. Christopher Columbus reached America by accident.

9. William Shakespeare wrote Don Quixote.

9.3 Rewrite each statement about the playwright William Shakespeare as a yes / no question:

1. He came from a rich family. Q Did he come from a rich family? – A No, not really. His father was a glove maker.

2. He grew up in London. Q ____________________________________?

A No, in Stratford upon Avon, a small town about 160 km from London.

3. He went to school. Q ________________________________________?

A Yes, we think so.

4. He knew Latin. Q __________________________________________?

A Yes, he learnt Latin at school, and some Greek as well.

5. He got married. Q __________________________________________?

A Yes, he was only 18 when he married Anne Hathaway, aged 26.

6. They had children. Q ________________________________________?

A Yes, a daughter Susanna, and twins, a boy Hamnet and a girl Judith.

7. He began writing plays in Stratford. Q ___________________________ _______________? A We don't really know. We only know that after 1592 he was an actor and writer in London.

8. He wrote 37 plays all by himself. Q ____________________________?

A Well, we know he wrote two plays together with John Fletcher. Some people think that all his plays were really written by somebody else.

9. He made up all the characters and plots of his plays. Q _____________ _______________________? A Actually no. He borrowed lots of ideas from other writers. This was quite usual in his time.

10. He became rich and famous. Q _______________________________?

A He certainly became quite rich, and his plays were popular. But he only became really famous in the 18th century and later.

Used to

Used to expresses past habits or states. It forms its negative and interrogative with "did" and it is the same in all persons. We can use Past Simple instead of "used to".

e.g. She used to walk / walked long distances. She didn't use to stay in and watch TV.

9.4 Complete the sentence with used to + a verb from the list:

write, spend, work, hold, help, act, teach, set, tell, do

1. Charles Dickens, the novelist, used to write until early in the morning, and then go for long walks across London.

2. William Shakespeare ______________ in some of his own plays.

3. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant ____________ exactly the same things at the same time every day, so that people ____________ their watches by his actions.

4. The author Agatha Christie ____________ her second husband with his archaeological excavations.

5. The novelist James Joyce _____________ English in the Italian city of Trieste, and some people say that he ___________ his students the wrong meanings of words as a joke.

6. The novelist Marcel Proust _______________ in a special soundproof room.

7. The ancient Greek philosophers _____________ their classes outside in the open air.

8. The Russian novelist Vladimir Nabokov ____________ his free time studying and catching moths and butterflies.

9.5 Find and underline examples of the present perfect:

Interviewer: I’m here today with Ozlem Turel, an ELT teacher who’s written a blog on teaching English. Welcome, Ozlem.

Ozlem: Thank you!

Interviewer: So, how long have you been a teacher, Ozlem?

Ozlem: For about six years now. I graduated in 2004 and then I started teaching.

Interviewer: OK, and do you teach only English or other subjects too?

Ozlem: I’ve only ever taught English.

Interviewer: How long have you had your current job?

Ozlem: For the last five years.

Interviewer: And how many different schools have you taught in?

Ozlem: I’ve taught in two different schools. I worked for two years in a primary school and now I work in a kindergarten.

Interviewer: What age groups have you taught and which is your favourite?

Ozlem: I’ve taught kindergarten, first, second and third grade, and also eighth grade students, and my favourite is kindergarten.

Interviewer: have you ever thought about changing your job?

Ozlem: No, never. I like it.

Interviewer: And what’s the best thing about being a teacher?

Ozlem: Well, I love to be surrounded by kids. And a teacher is always a student. You never stop learning. It’s my passion and I was born to do it.

Interviewer: OK, thank you for talking to us today, Ozlem.

Ozlem: You are welcome!

Grammar Quiz

Work in groups and circle the correct answers:

1. a) Ozlem worked for two years in a primary school.

q Does she work there now? Yes / No

q What tense is the verb? Past Simple / Present Perfect

b) Ozlem has been a teacher for six years.

q Is she a teacher now? Yes / No

q What tense is the verb? Past Simple / Present Perfect

c) Circle the correct tense for the following rules:

q We use the Past Simple / Present Perfect when we talk about an action that happened in the past and is now finished.

q We use the Past Simple / Present Perfect for an action that started in the past and continues to the present.

2. a) Ozlem has taught fist and second grade.

q Do we know exactly when? Yes / No

q What tense is the verb? Past Simple / Present Perfect

b) I taught first grade in 2005.

q Do we know exactly when? Yes / No

q What tense is the verb? Past Simple / Present Perfect

c) Circle the correct tense for the following rules:

q We use the Past Simple / Present Perfect when we talk about something that happened at a specific time in the past.

q We often use the Past Simple / Present Perfect to talk about past experiences, when we don’t mention a specific time.

3. a) Pierre’s just come home from work.

q Is Pierre at home now? Yes / No

q When did he arrive there? A long time ago / A short time ago

b) Pierre hasn’t come home from work yet.

q Is Pierre at home now? Yes / No

q Do I expect him to come home? Yes /No

c) Which of the following sentences are correct?

q I’ve finished yet. / I’ve just finished. / I haven’t finished yet. / have you finished yet?

4. a) My dad’s gone to the doctor.

q Where is my dad? Here / At the doctor’s

b) My dad’s been to the doctor.

q Where is my dad? Here / At the doctor’s

c) Your husband arrives late home.

q What do you say? “Where have you been?” / “Where have you gone?”

5. a) Ozlem has had her current job for the last five years.

q Complete the sentence:

Ozlem has had her current job since __________.

b) Circle the correct variant for the following rules:

q We use for / since when we describe a length of time.

q We use for / since when we describe a time from a point in the past to now.

q We can use “for” with the past simple / present perfect / both.

q We can use “since” with the past simple / present perfect / both.

9.7 Read the text about climate change. Choose the correct form, A or B, to complete the sentence:

At the moment, scientists agree that the world's climate 1) B warmer over the past 50 years, but they disagree about the causes. Some believe that human activities 2) ___ climate change. They argue that for 1,000 or 2,000 years before 1850, when records 3) ___, the temperature was more or less stable. Short warm or cold periods 4) ___ during that time, but the climate always 5) ___ to the same level. However, since the Industrial Revolution, human beings 6) ___ more and more fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. In 1800 the atmosphere 7) ___ around 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide (CO2). Since then there 8) ___ an increase of about 3 l%. This extra carbon dioxide 9) ___ the world's temperature because of the greenhouse effect.

Other scientists disagree that human activities over the past 50 years 10) ___ global warming. They point out that volcanoes and other
natural processes 11) ___ CO2 into the atmosphere, and that human activity 12) ___ a rise in CO2 of only three per cent.

In 1999, 156 countries 13) ___ the Kyoto protocol, part of a United Nations agreement on climate change, which 14) ___ into force in 2005.They 15) ___ to reduce their emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, although so far, some countries, such as the USA and Australia, 16) ___ any action.

1. A became B has become

2. A caused B have caused

3. A began B have begun

4. A occurred B have occurred

5. A returned B has returned

6. A burned B have burned

7. A contained B has contained

8. A was B has been

9. A raised B has raised

10. A caused B have caused

11. A always released B have always released

12. A contributed B has contributed

13. A signed B have signed

14. A came B has come

15. A agreed B have agreed

16. A did not take B have not taken

Present Perfect Continuous

Use

1) actions started in the past and continuing up to the present

e.g. He 's been writing a letter for two hours. (He started two hours ago and he's still writing it)

2) past actions of certain duration having visible results or effects in the present

e.g. She 's been crying. (Her eyes are red.)

Past Continuous

Use

1) action in the middle of happening at a stated past time

e.g. He was playing tennis at 4.30 yesterday.

2) past action in progress interrupted by another past action. The longer action is in the Past Continuous, the shorter action is in the Past Simple.

e.g. While I was get­ting dressed the bell rang.

3) two or more simultaneous past actions

e.g. While I was sunbathing, Tim was swimming.

or background description to events in a story

e.g. She was flying to Parнs. The sun was shining...

Time expressions: while, when, as etc

11.1* Underline the correct form:

1. While he took / was taking a bath, Archimedes discovered / was discovering the principles of density and buoyancy.

2. When Edouard Benedictus, a French scientist, worked / was working in his laboratory, he dropped / was dropping a glass bottle which had some plastic inside – and invented / was inventing safety glass.

3. Columbus arrived / was arriving in America while he tried / was trying to reach the Far East.

4. Alexander Fleming discovered / was discovering penicillin by accident while he looked / was looking at some old experiments.

5. While Hiram Bingham climbed / was climbing in the mountains of Peru in 1911, he discovered / was discovering the lost city of Macchu Picchu.

6. While Isaac Newton sat / was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell / was falling on hishead, and he understood / was understanding gravity.

7. While Dr Harry Coover tried / was trying to invent a newkind of plastic, he made / was making a very softsubstance which stuck / was sticking things together. It was Superglue.

8. While he observed / was observing the Moon throughhis telescope, Galileo realized / was realizing that it hadmountains and craters.

11.2A* Use the prompts to make a question. The answers are in Exercise 11.1:

e.g. Where / Edouard Benedictus / work when he invented safety glass? – Where was Edouard Benedictus working when he invented safety glass?

1. Where / Columbus / try to go when he reached America?

2. Where / Isaac Newton / sit according to the story about gravity?

3. What / Dr Harry Coover / hope to invent?

4. What Galileo / look at / through his telescope?

11.2B* Complete the sentence with the past continuous form of the verb in brackets. The sentences refer to Exercise 12.1:

1. Edouard Benedictus (not try) _____________ to invent safety glass.

2. Alexander Fleming (not hope) _______________ to discover penicillin.

3. Hiram Bingham (not look for) ____________ the lost city of Macchu Picchu.

4. Isaac Newton (not sit) ____________ in his study when he understood gravity.

5. Dr Harry Coover (not conduct) ____________ an experiment to discover a kind of glue.

Что делает отдел по эксплуатации и сопровождению ИС? Отвечает за сохранность данных (расписания копирования, копирование и пр.)...

Что делать, если нет взаимности? А теперь спустимся с небес на землю. Приземлились? Продолжаем разговор...

Что вызывает тренды на фондовых и товарных рынках Объяснение теории грузового поезда Первые 17 лет моих рыночных исследований сводились к попыткам вычис­лить, когда этот...

ЧТО ТАКОЕ УВЕРЕННОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ В МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ? Исторически существует три основных модели различий, существующих между...

Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте: