Сдам Сам

ПОЛЕЗНОЕ


КАТЕГОРИИ







Directions Regarding Dharma and Propitiatory rites





Dharmaraja said:

1. I am now expounding the holy dharma proclaimed in the Vedas and the Smrti-texts with reference to the different castes in a serial order, О best of kings. Please listen to it with great attention.

2. I shall mention the atonement to the person who, while taking food, touches an impure or a fallen person or a Candala, either out of anger or due to ignorance.2

3. Such a person shall perform bath three times a day (trifavana snana) either for three days or for six days. A Brah- mana becomes pure by sipping paiica-gavya (the five products of the cow taking collectively, viz. milk, curds, clarified butter, urine and cowdung).

4. Some times fecal matter may trickle down through the anus of a Brahmana as he takes food. I shall tell you the means of purification in that case. I shall also mention the means of purification when he is defiled by eating the remnants of food (ucchiffa) or through some other cause.

5. The Brahmana shall at the outset perform the sauca (cleansing his hind part). Afterwards he shall perform the acamana rite (sipping of water with names of Vishnu at each sip). He shall then observe a fast for a day and night. He then becomes pure after taking in the paheagavya.

6. If a person passes urine while swallowing food or if one passes urine (immediately) after taking food, he shall observe fast for a day and night. He shall then perform the Нота, offering oblations of ghee into the fire.

7. If a Brahmana were to become impure at the time of taking food, he shall place that mouthful of food somewhere on the ground, and take his bath, after which he shall attain, purity.

8. If he happens to eat that mouthful, he becomes pure only by observing a fast. If he takes the entire food in his impure condition, he shall be impure for three days.

9. If while taking food, one vomits, he should repeat the Gayatri Mantra three hundred times, if he is sick, or three thou­sand times if normal in health. Repetition of the Gayatri Mantra is the greatest expiation.

10-12a. When a Brahmana is touched by Cantatas and the pariah (those who cook and eat dog’s flesh) or when he answers calls of nature (of urinations and evacuations of bowels), he shall repeat the Gayatri Mantra for three days. One who is defiled by partaking the ucchish\a food, after taking food, shall repeat the Gayatri Mantra for six days. If a person born in the lowest caste touches a woman in her menses or one who has given birth to a child (during the period while she is regarded impure), the purity of the woman touched, is regained in three days — so says Satatapa.3

12b-13a. If a woman in her menses is touched by dogs, or by a man of the lowest caste or a barbarian or by a crow, she shall observe fast and remain clean. By taking her bath at the proper time, she becomes pure.

13b-14. If two women in their menses per chance touch each other, they become pure by observing Brakma-kurca (a penance in which the woman is to fast for twenty-four hours, then sip Panchagavya for purification). If a person is touched by a person defiled by eating ucchi^a and fails to take bath immediately thereafter, he is also purified by Brahma-kwca.4

15. If a person indulges in sexual intercourse during the prescribed nights after the menses and if conception is suspected, he shall take bath. If he cohabits with his wife on nights other than the prescribed ones, the purificatory rite is the same as in the case of urination or evacuation of the bowels.

16. Both husband and wife, if united in the act of sexual intercourse, become unclean. As soon as the woman gets up from the bed, she becomes pure, but the man remains unclean.

17. If, out of wickedness, a woman does not render physi­cal service to her husband, she must be punished by abandoning her for twelve years, without giving her financial assistance.

18. Persons forsaking their kinsmen who are fallen, shall be punished with Uttama-sahasa6 (the highest monetary fine viz. one thousand Panas). Only the father may be considered as fallen but never the mother.

19. If a man attempts to commit suicide by hanging him­self with a rope, etc., he shall be fined two hundred Panas, if he does not die. If he dies he (i.e. his body) must be besmeared with materials (like ghee) which are considered holy for sacrificial oblations.

20. His friends and sons should be fined one pana each. Thereafter, they shall perform expiatory rites as prescribed in the scriptures.

21-22. Those who intend to give up their bodies but turn back from water, fire, halter (by means of which they wanted to commit suicide), those, who revert from the stage of sannyasa and those who are thus fallen from (accomplishing their death) by means of observing fast or from taking poison or from jump­ing down from precipice and those who desire to kill them­selves with a weapon but are not killed) these Pratyavasitas6 (fallen — reversionists) are beyond the commerce or contact of the public and they become pure by the observance of CaNarayana1 penance or two Tapta-Krcchras

23. The sinner who reverts from two such attempts (of suicide), becomes fallen. Such a fallen person becomes pure from the dark sin by observing two CaNarayana penances and by gifting a cow or a bull thereafter.

24. On being touched by dogs, jackals, monkeys, etc., and by men or women except at the time of sexual act, one shall take bath whether it be day, twilight or night. He becomes pure immediately after the bath.

25. If anyone inadvertently eats the food of a Cdnddla, he shall subsist only on food prepared from barley-flour mixed with cow’s urine, for half a month, whereby he becomes pure.

26. If any twice-born person burns a cowpen or sets the abode of a Brahmana to fire and if any one cuts off the rope and cremates (without official post-mortem, etc.) the body of a person who died by hanging himself, shall perform ex­piatory penance called Ktcchra.

27. If anyone knowingly eats the food of Cdn^dlas and Pulkasas (two lowest castes) or kills a woman, he shall expiate himself by performing half a krcchrd9 penance. If it is done unknowingly, he shall perform two CaNarayana penances.

28-29a. A person who takes food from the Kapdlakas10 (the followers of a forbidden sect), one who indulges in sexual act with their women, a Brahmana who co-habits with a forbid­den woman, one who takes in wine or eats cow’s meat (beef), shall perform the expiatory penance called Tapta-krcchra and the Maurvi-homa11 (the homa performed during the thread ceremony). He, thereby, becomes pure.

29b-30a. Those v/ho commit great sins,12 particularly the first four, become pure by entering fire or by staying near a great sacrifice.

30b-31a. If this is done secretly,13 the man shall, for a period of one month, repeat the Aghamarshana14 hymn while standing in the water. He will thereby become pure.

3lb-33a. The following seven castes are regarded as the lowest born (Antyajas),lb viz., the washerman, the leather-worker (cobbler and the shoe-maker), the dancer or actor, the worker in bamboos (.Buruda), the sweeper (Medas), the fisher-men, and the Bhillas. He who knowingly takes the food from these or cohabits with their women or drinks their beverages or accepts monetary gift from them, shall perform a hal(-krcchra penance. If these things are done unwittingly, he shall perform two CaNarayana penances.

33b-34a. If one has sexual intercourse with one’s mother, preceptor’s wife, daughter, sister or daughter-in-law, one shall enter fire.1® No other purificatory rite is enjoined (for such sins).

34b-35a. If one cohabits with the queen, an ascetic woman or one’s own nurse or a woman of a higher caste or of one’s own Gotra, one shall undergo two krcchra penances.17 The sin is the same whether these ladies belong to one’s father’s gotra or the mother’s gotra.

36-37a. If one cohabits with another man’s wife he shall perform the krcchrardha or the Santapana18 expiatory penance. Brahmanas dispell the sin caused by the carnal approach to- a prostitute, in a similar manner, by drinking for five nights water containing Kuia grass which is extremely heated but once (?).

37b-38a. A Brahmana who commits the sin of defiling the preceptor’s bed, shall perform the Vrata in accordance with scriptural injunctions. Some recommend (this punishment) to one who kills a cow or to a religious student who violates the vow of continence.19

38b-39a. He who makes a cow fall down by beating it with a stick, shall perform the expiatory penance called Go-vratazo twice.

39b-40a. A stick as stout as the thumb, as long as an arm, not dry and having leaves, is called a Go-dcat(Ja, a stick for beating a cow).

40b-41a. If the cows are made to fall and those cows are pregnant, one shall perform the Krcckra penance (one per life harmed). This is the atonement for the slaughter of a cow.

41b-42a. If a cow dies when it is being bound or restrained or when its sickness is aggravated, he is smeared with the cause of that sin.

42b-44a. There is no need for any expiation, if the cow, after having fallen or having become unconscious when struck with a stick, gets up and walks six or seven, five or ten steps, or takes a mouthful of grass, or drinks water. Similarly when the cow dies of sickness, there is no expiation.

44b-46a. If cows are struck and killed with (a piece of wood,) a lump of clay or a stone, the expiatory penances are as follows according to respective implement (of striking). If they are killed with a piece of wood, the expiation called Santa- pana is to be performed. If they are killed with lumps of clay, Prajapatyd21 expiatory rite is to be performed. If they are killed with stones, Tapta-krcehra penance is to be performed. If they are killed with any other weapon, the expiatory penance called Atikrcchra is to be undergone.

46b-47a. One should give medicines, oils and ghee, and regular food to cows and Brahmanas. If, while these are being given, any mishap takes place, there is no need for any atonement.

47b-48a. There is no atonement necessary (if any cala­mity befalls) while drinking the oil or the medicine or while eating solid medicines or during the process of (surgically) ~em?ving a thorn or a splinter or any extraneous substance lodged in a body.

48b-49a. When the calves are tied up with ropes round their neck for the purpose of administering any medicines, there is no need of any expiation. If cows and calves are restrained22 or bound and shut up in the evening for the sake of protection, there is no blemish, or sin.

49b-50.a When the penance is prescribed, the steps in tonsure are: one-fourth of the hair is to be removed first; in the second stage mustaches are removed; in the third stage all the hair except the tuft of'hair is to be cut. (In the case of full penance) all hairs ате to be cut off.

50b-5>la. (In the case of women) all the hair of the head should be held up and only the tresses upto two ahgulas are to be cut off» This is proclaimed as the tonsure of head in the case of women, in the Smrtis.

51b-52a. Shaving of the head is not to be practised in the case of-women nor should they sit in the Vtrdsana pose. They should not be made to reside in the cowpens nor are they to observe the vrata of following the cow.24

52b-53a. The king or the prince or a Brdhmana who is well read in Sastras shall order them to undergo expiatory penance without removing the hair from their head (tonsure is essential in the case of men before such expiations).

53b-54. He should enjoin twice the expiatory observance for the preservation of their hair, and if twice the number of expiatory penances arc performed, dakshha for the same should be double.

55a. (In case double dahfind is not given and the hair of the head are preserved) the sin of the killer is not dispelled; and the giver of such a dakfind goes to hell.28

55b-56a. Those who lay down expiatory penances not enjoined in the Vedas or Smrtis are the obstructers of dharma. The king should duly punish them.

56b-57a. But the king shall not inflict pain on them or harass them being deluded by passion. Their sin will increase hundred-fold and envelop him only.

57b-58a. After the expiatory penance has been comple­tely performed he (the ex-sinner) shall feed Brahmanas and give them twenty cows and one bull as a dakfind.

58b-59a. If the cows, etc. are affected by worms born in festering wounds and infested by flies,ae he should undergo the expiatory penance called Krcchrdrdha and give dokfinA according to his capacity.

59b-60a. After performing the expiatory rites and feeding excellent Brahmanas, he should give them a Maiikd7 (a weight of gold). Then they shall gain purity.

Manika is a misprint for Mjjaka found in the Logku Тата Smrti verse 63 from which the quotation is taken here. Макака =» weight of 8 Gufija seeds.

60b-61a. If one is touched by persons belonging to Cdwfala and Svapaca castes, ablution (for purification) is enjoined even at night, but he shall not stay there with those low castes, at night, he will regain purity immediately after taking bath.

6lb-62a. If unknowingly a person had been careless enough to stay there (with low castes) at night, his sin is increased a hundred-fold.

62b-63a. On being touched by the rays of the stars that rise and planets that are above, he shall perform ablution in water.

63b-64a. Earth of the following seven types shall not be taken: that which is within the water, that from an anthill, that from the rats hole, that from a barren land, that from the main highway, that from the cremation ground and that which is left after the purificative rite (after the nature’s call) has been performed.

64b-65a. If fa and PUrta rites28 shall be performed by a Brahmana assiduously. Through the If fa rite one attains heaven and through the PUrta rites one attains Mokfa.

65b-66a. If fa (performance of sacrifices, etc.,) is dependant on the expenditure of money.29 PUrta includes (works of public welfare such as) the digging of tanks, etc.

66b-67a. He who repairs and maintains parks, temples, wells, tanks, lakes and particularly procession with idols of gods attains the benefit of PUrta dharma mentioned before.

67b-68. (In the preparation of Panchagavya30 the following ingredients should be taken). The urine of the white cow should be collected; similarly, the dung of the black cow; the milk of the copper-coloured cow should be taken; for curds, the milk of a white cow, and for ghee, the milk of a tawny-coloured cow should be taken. All these are destructive of great sins.

69-70a. All these articles (should be purified) sepa­rately by means of Kuto grass and the holy water of the sacred rivers. They should be drawn up and brought while repeating Pranava (the syllable Om), they should be stirred and drunk while repeating the syllable Owi.81

70b-71a. Water mixed with Kuia grass should be held in a cup of the leaves of the РаШа tree or in an auspicious copper vessel or in a cup of the leaf of a lotus plant or in an earthen vessel82 and then drunk.

7lb-72. When one is already defiled by a Sutaka2,8 (impurity due to the birth of a child) and another case of Sutaka befalls, there is no fault or defilement of the second Sutaka. One is purified along with the first one. That which is born is purified along with what is born and that which is dead along with what is dead.

73. If there is any abortion even in the first month, a three day pollution is observed.

74. After observing as many days of pollution as there had been months of pregnancy, in the case of abortion, one gets purified. The chaste lady becomes purified after the monthly course when the flow of blood ceases, and she takes her bath.

75-76. A woman is separated from her family Gotra after the seventh step (in the Saptapadi) has been taken during the marriage ceremony. Water libations and pinia offering to her should be made in the name of the Gotta of her husband.34

76. The uddefya (object in view) in every pinia at the time of offering the pinkos should be offering them both in the names (of the husband and the wife) to the six (ancestors, viz., father, grand-father and the great grand-father along with their wives) three pinkos should be offered. Thus the person who offers it, does not become deluded.

77. The mother is fed along with her husband (i.e. the father of the performer of the shrdddha)Zb along with gods, the same way also the grand-mother and the great grand-mother are fed along with their husbands,3® in the iraddha.

78. One shall perform the hospitable greeting to one’s father and mother every year. He shall perform a Srdddha without reference to the gods and offer one pin^a.

79. There are five types of Sraddhas which should be known by wise men. They are (1) Nitya (daily and obligatory Pitr- yajna) (2) Naimittika (occasional, for example after the birth of a son) (3) Karnya (for attaining desired object e.g. performance of Sraddha with Krttika or Rohini as the constellation of the Moon, for attaining heaven or progeny) (4) Vrddhi Sraddha (Sraddha performed when something specially noteworthy and beneficial to the family has taken place), and the last one is the (5) Pdrvana Srdddha i.e. A Srdddha performed on the new moon day or other parvas or festive occasions.

 

Notes

CHAPTER FOURTEEN







Что делать, если нет взаимности? А теперь спустимся с небес на землю. Приземлились? Продолжаем разговор...

Живите по правилу: МАЛО ЛИ ЧТО НА СВЕТЕ СУЩЕСТВУЕТ? Я неслучайно подчеркиваю, что место в голове ограничено, а информации вокруг много, и что ваше право...

ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ ВО ВЗРОСЛОЙ ЖИЗНИ? Если вы все еще «неправильно» связаны с матерью, вы избегаете отделения и независимого взрослого существования...

Система охраняемых территорий в США Изучение особо охраняемых природных территорий(ООПТ) США представляет особый интерес по многим причинам...





Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте:


©2015- 2024 zdamsam.ru Размещенные материалы защищены законодательством РФ.