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Various Mountains, and Regions of the Earth





The sages said:

1-2. O best one, tell us fully the names of the rivers, mountains of the countries, and of those who have resorted to (i.e. are living on) the earth, O you who know the measures, the full measure of the earth, and about the forests also.

Suta said:

3-10. O very wise one, the gross elements in the universe are five in all; and the wise say that they are equal. (They are:) earth, water, and air, fire and ether. All of them are attended with attributes. Earth is the chief of them. The sages knowing the essential nature (of things) have said that the attributes of earth are sound, touch, colour, taste and smell. O brahmanas, four attributes are (found) in water. It does not have smell. Fire (or light) has three attributes: sound, touch and colour. Air has (two attributes, viz.) sound and touch. Ether has (the attribute of) sound only. O brahmanas, in the five elements these five attributes (are found), and (depending) on them the creatures in all the worlds exist. There is homogeneity when they do not overcome one another; but when they, becoming uneven, enter one another, then the beings spring up (into life) with bodies. This is not otherwise. They are destroyed in order. They come into existence in order (i.e. they are destroyed in the same order as they come into existence). All of them are immeasurable. Their form is the lord (himself).

11-17. Wherever the creatures consisting of the five elements are seen running about, men speak about their measures with (the help of their) reason. One should not, however, (seek to) understand matters that are inconceivable by reason. O best sages, (now) I shall describe to you the island of (i.e. called) Sudarsana. O illustrious ones, this island is circular — -has the form of a wheel. It is covered with river waters, and with mountains resembling oceans, also with cities of various sizes and delightful countries; it is full of trees endowed with flowers and fruits; is having grains and (other) wealth. It is surrounded on all sides by the salt ocean. As a man would see his own face in a mirror, in the same way the circular Sudarsana island can be seen (in the ocean). Two of its parts (appear) like a pippala tree and two like a large hare. On all its sides it is surrounded by all (kinds of) herbs. Other than this (portion) all else should be known to be water. I shall describe the rest in brief. The sages said:

18-20a. O intelligent one, you have briefly and duly given an exposition of it. You know the essential nature of all things. (Now) O Suta, tell us (about it) in detail. (First) tell us about dimension of the space which looks like a hare. Then you will describe (the land resembling) the pippala (tree). Thus asked by them Suta said (these) words: Suta said:

20b-24. O very wise ones, these six jewelled mountains stretching (from) east (to west) have gone into the eastern and western oceans. (They are:) Himavat, Hemakuta, the best mountain Nisadha; so also Nila abounding in lapis lazuli, Sveta resembling the moon; and the mountain named Srngavat covered with all (kinds of) metals. O brahmanas, these mountains are resorted to by siddhas and caranas. The distance between them measures thousands of yojanas. There are many kingdoms. O best ones, they are called Varsa. Beings of various species live in them at all places.

25-31a. This is (called) Bharatavarsa. Beyond it is Haimavat. The land beyond Hemakuta is called Harivarsa. To the south of Nila, and to the north of Nisadha, there is a mountain called Malyavat stretching from the east. Beyond Malyavat there is the mountain Gandhamadana. Between the two (i.e. Malyavat and Gandhamadana) there is the golden mountain Meru globular in shape. It is bright like the (young) morning sun, and like fire without smoke. It is eightyfour thousand yojanas high. O best brahmanas, its depth (also) is eightyfour thousand yojanas. It stands covering the worlds lying above, below and in the horizontal direction. By its side these four islands are situated, O brahmanas: Bhadrasva, Ketumala and Jambudvlpa, O best ones; so also Uttarakuru which is resorted to by men who have practised virtuous deeds.

31b-41a. The bird Sumukha, the son of Suparsva, on seeing the big birds of golden colour (on Meru) thought: 'I shall abandon this mountain Meru since the birds there have no difference among them like good, middling and bad ones.' The Sun, the best among the luminaries, constantly goes round it. So also the Moon with the constellations, and Vayu go round it. O very wise ones, the mountain is endowed with divine flowers, it is covered with all auspicious golden houses. On that mountain hosts of gods, gandharvas, deities and demons always sport, accompanied by the bevies of celestial nymphs. Brahma, Shiva and Sakra, the lord of gods gather there, and perform various sacrifices with munificent gifts. (The gandharva) Tumbura, Narada, (and the two gandharva brothers) Haha and Huhu, having gone there, praise with various hymns the best (of the gods). Well-being to you; the seven high-souled sages and Kasyapa, the lord of created beings always go there on a parvan-day (i.e. the full-moon day or the new-moon day). On the summit of that mountain only Usanas or Kavi (i.e. Shukra) is honoured by the demons. It has jewels with gold; so also other jewelled mountains are (parts) of Meru. The lord Kubera gets the fourth part of it. Of that wealth he gives the sixteenth part to human beings.

41b-45a. Adjacent to this mountain is the Karnikara grove, which is divine, which is full of flowers of all seasons, which is charming and is elevated with a mass of rocks. There the revered lord aiva himself, the cause of beings, surrounded by divine beings and accompanied by Uma, and wearing a garland of Karnikara flowers reaching his feet, and shining with his three eyes resembling three risen suns, sports. Truthful siddhas, practising severe penance and of good vows (alone can) see him. The great god cannot be seen by those of a wicked conduct.

45b-48. From the peak of the mountain, O best brahmanas, flows, like a stream of milk, the pious, auspicious Ganges, also called Bhagirathi, of a universal form, immeasurable, flowing out with a fearful noise, resorted to by the most pious beings, (and falls) with a great speed into the charming lake of Candramas. She has produced that auspicious lake resembling an ocean. The bearer of Pinaka (i.e. Shiva) held on his head for a hundred thousand years that Ganges which was incapable of being borne even by the mountains.

49-54. O best brahmanas, Ketumala is on the western side of Meru; (and) O brahmanas, the country called Jambukhanda is there only. O best ones, there the span of human life is ten thousand years. The men are of golden complexion and the women resemble celestial nymphs. Human beings there are healthy, free from sorrow and always of cheerful minds. Men born there are of the brightness of heated gold. Kubera, the lord of guhyakas, surrounded by groups of the celestial nymphs, rejoices with the demons on the peaks of Gandhamadana. By the side of Gandhamadana (there live) other (people) with their sin destroyed. They have a long span of life of eleven thousand years. O brahmanas, the men there are dark in complexion, lustrous and very strong. All the women have the complexion of lotus and are very beautiful.

55-67a. Sveta has blue lotuses; beyond Sveta is the excellent country called Hairanyaka. (Beyond that) is Airavata having several countries, O brahmanas. O glorious ones, there are two countries, of the form of a bow on the south and the north. Ilavrtta is in the middle. (Thus) there are five divisions. Of these the succeeding country excels (preceding ones) in attributes like span of life, health, righteousness, desirable objects and material things. (In spite of differences) O best ones, beings in all these countries live together (amicably). O glorious ones, this earth is covered with mountains. The great Hemakuta is (also) the mountain called Kailasa. There god Vaisravana (i.e.Kubera) rejoices with guhyakas. To the north of Kailasa and near the Mainaka mountain there is the very great, divine mountain called Manimaya having golden peaks. By its side there is a large, divine, bright, charming lake called Vishnusaras, with golden sands (on its banks), where Bhagiratha, having seen Ganga, (also called) Bhagirathi, lived for many years. There are sacrificial pillars decked with gems, and lands full of gold. The very glorious thousand-eyed (god, i.e. Indra) performed sacrifices there, and attained perfection. The eternal creator, of a bright lustre, and the lord of beings, is worshipped there by (beings in) all the worlds. There (reside) Nara, Narayana, Brahma, Manu and Sthanu (i.e. Shiva) as the fifth. The celestial (Ganga) taking three paths, first appeared there after moving from Brahma's heaven, and flowed in seven streams: Vatodaka, Sarasvati, Parvati, Jambunadi, SIta, Ganga and Sindhu as the seventh. She is inconceivable, has a divine appellation, and is endowed with prowess.

67b-71a. There, at the end of the yuga (i.e. at the time of creation), a thousand sacrifices are performed (by gods and sages). Sarasvati (in her course) appears at places and disappears at (other) places. These seven (streams of) Ganga are well-known in the three worlds. Demons live on Himavat and guhyakas on Hemakuta. Serpents and snakes reside in Nisadha; and Gokarna is a penance-grove. The mountain Sveta is said to be (the abode) of gods and demons. Gandharvas always live on Nisadha, and the brahmanic sages on Nila. O glorious ones, Srngavan is (said to be) a place where gods move.

71b-75. O illustrious ones, these are the seven countries according to the division (of the world). Mobile and immobile creatures have encamped here. Prosperity of various kinds — both providential and human — of these (creatures) is seen (there). It cannot be enumerated. The graceful ones are to be believed. O brahmanas, (I have told you) about the divine form of the hare about which you had asked me. I have also told you about the two countries lying adjacent to the country (having the form like that) of a hare in the south and in the north. They are (the hare's) ears. They are Karnadvipa and Kasyapadvlpa. O Brahmanas, the beautiful Malaya mountain has rocks of (as in) Karnadvipa. This other country looks like the hare's form.

 

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