State system of Bashkortostan

Adoption on October 11 1990, of theDeclaration of State Sovereignty of Bashkortostan opened up a new phase in the evolution of our Republic as a sovereign state within the Russian Federation, a suite possessing an immense economic and spiritual poten­tial. The Republic has established itself a reliable, economically and politically stable region.

Sovereignty has given to the Republic an opportunity to determine independently its economic policy, to rationally manage its natural production capability and earning in the best interest and for the benefit of the people.

The State Assembly - Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the supreme representative and the single legislative body of the Republic. It consists of two Houses - the House of Representatives and the Legislative Chamber. The Bashkortostan Parliament has contain features of its own. On the one hand it is a bicameral, on the other hand - it is a unitary body. As per the Constitution, the joint session of bothHouses elects Chairperson of the State Assembly's well as his or her Deputy who performs his or her functions without being released from the principal job. Chairpersons of each individual House are elected at separate sittings. In accordance with the law provisions, they concurrently serve as Deputies to the Chairperson of the State Assembly. According to the Constitution of the Bashkortostan, only the State Assembly is entitled to adopt a Constitution, Codes, Laws, and any amendments; it determines, jointly with the President the domestic and foreign policies of the Republic, endorses the State Budget, supervises its execution; gives its consent to the President's nomination of a Prime Minister, passes a decision to hold elections of the President, deputies of the State Assembly and local authorities; elects the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Arbitration; appoints the Procurator and the Commissioner of the Republic of Bashkortostan for Human Rights. At least once a year the Parliament shells hear and discuss the President's message on the main guidelines of the home and foreign policies. The State Assembly wields many other power and authority as well.

The legislative Chamber functions on a continuous professional basis. It is exactly this house that makes Codes and Law. The House ofRepresentatives does not operate full-time, but takes an active part in the law-making process, approves or rejects Codes, Laws or other acts adopted by the Legislative Chamber, introduces amendments or supplements thereto as may be required.

Each House comprises seven equally named, "replica" committees, which work in parallel, each having its own specific tasks in the law-making process.

The House of Representatives comprises 150 Deputies, the Legislative Chamber numbers 40.

The State Assembly is elected for four years. A Secretariat is formed to maintain its activities.

Bashkortostan stands out for stability and peaceful atmosphere.

The Republic numbers 20 cities, the largest being Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Neftekamsk, Okryabrskj.

Topical Vocabulary

adoption – принятие

reliable – надежный

to determine – определить

benefit – выгодa

the joint session – объединенная сессия

concurrently – одновременно

in accordance with – в соответствии с

to be entitled to smth. – иметь право на что-либо

provision - положение

amendment – поправка, исправление

supplement – дополнение, добавление

to endorse – одобрять, поддерживать

to supervise – смотреть, наблюдать

commissioner – специальный уполномоченный

thereto – кроме того, к тому же

wield – владеть

codes – кодекс, свод законов, моральные нормы

to stand out – выделяться, выступать

competence – полномочия, компетенция

set up - распорядок

spell out - указывать

continuous - постоянный

eliminate – устранять

Answer the questions:

1. When was State Sovereignty of Bashkortostan adopted?

2. What has Sovereignty given to the Republic?

3. What is the supreme representative and legislative body of the Republic?

4. Who determines the domestic and foreign policies of the Republic?

5. What Chamber makes Codes and Law?

Translate into English:

1. Принятие Декларации о государственном суверенитете Башкортостана открыло новую эпоху в развитии республики.

2. Суверенитет дал республике возможность независимо определять свою экономическую политику.

3. Государственное Собрание – Курултай республики Башкортостан является верховным законодательным органом республики.

4. Объединенная сессия обеих палат избирает председателя Государственного Собрания.

5. Государственное Собрание имеет право принять Конституцию, свод законов, любые поправки.

Sterlitamak

I live in Russia, in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Our Republic is located along the South Urals forming a natural border between Europe and Asia. There are over 20 cities and towns in the Republic. Sterlitamak is the second largest city of Bashkortostan after Ufa. It was founded in 1766. It stands on the banks of the rivers Sterlya, Belaya, Ashkadar. More than 260 thousand people live there.

Sterlitamak is a main industrial and cultural centre. It is a major centre of chemical industry not only of the Republic of Bashkortostan, but of the whole of Russia.

More than 50 thousand employees engage at 500 hundred industries and construction sites.

The largest factories are: the "Soda" Joint-Stock Company, the Petrochemical Plant Joint-Stock Company, the "Kaustik" Joint-Stock Company, and the «Avangard» Joint-Stock Company, the "Kauchuk" Joint-Stock Company.

Machine building also remains the main branch of industry. The "Machine-tool Building Factory" Joint-Stock Company produces not only machines, but quite a lot of consumer goods.

The "Inmash" Concern is known as the "factory of the future". It produces industrial robots, wood-cutting machines, shoe-making machines, mini-motors and other machines.

There is also the Leather-Processing Plant, the Foot wear factory, the Garment Factory, the Food industry companies.

Sterlitamak can be called a city of students. There are 9 industrial vocational schools, 8 secondary specialized educational institutions, the Pedagogical Academy, the branch of the Ufa Oil University, the Sterlitamak Law Department of the Bashkir State University, the branch of Al l-Russia Financial Institute.

Sterlitamak is a city of Sports. Sportsmen and sport fans can make use of 4 stadiums, 2 Physical Culture Houses with swimming pools, a ski-jump, gum halls, the city chess and draughts club, physical-training and fitness centre, the city tourist centre, numerous sport grounds, three children's and teenager's sport schools. There is the Physical Training College and the Physical Training Academy.

Sterlitamak is a big cultural centre. There are some theaters there: the Russian Drama Theatre, the Bashkir Theatre, the Dance Theatre, the Bashkir-Tatar Philharmonic Society.

There are some museums, cinema-theatres, the Park of Culture and Recreation, three Culture Palaces, the Republican Culture College.

The city becomes cleaner and more beautiful and very attractive.

I like my native town very much.

Topical Vocabulary

border – граница

bank – берег

employee - служащий, работающий по найму

engage - нанимать, занимать

construction site – строительная площадка

Joint-Stock Company – Открытое Акционерное Общество

remain – оставаться

cosumer goods – потребительские товары

leather – кожа

garment – одежда

attractive – привлекательный

Answer the questions:

1. Where is Sterlitamak situated?
2. How many people live here?
3. What industries are developed in Sterlitamak?
4. Why do you call Sterlitamak as a city of students?
5. Is Sterlitamak a city of sports?
6. Is Sterlitamak a big cultural centre?

Translate into English:

1. Стерлитамак является вторым по величине городом Башкортостана после Уфы.

2. Он был основан в 1766 году.

3. Стерлитамак является главным центром химической промышленности не только в Башкортостане, но и во всей России.

4. Машиностроение остается также главной отраслью промышленности.

5. Стерлитамак можно назвать городом студентов.

The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousands small islands. Their total area is over 244 000 square kilometers.

The United Kingdom is one of the world's smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 percent of the population is urban.

The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech «Great Britain» is used in the meaning of the «United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland». The capital of the UK is London.

The British Isles are separated from the Continent by the North Sea, the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called Highlands. The south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but the eastern, central and south­eastern parts of England are a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343m). There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.

The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It produces and exports machinery, electronics, and textile. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.

The UK is a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and the Queen as Head of State.

Topical Vocabulary

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии

to be situated on – быть расположенным на

to consist of smth. – состоять из чего-либо

total area – общая площадь

population - население

urban - городской

to be made up of smth. – состоять из чего-либо

to include smth. – включать что-либо

to be separated from... by - oтделяться от (чего-либо чем-либо)

to be washed by –омываться (чем-либо)

surface - поверхность

to vary - варьироваться, меняться

mountainous - гористый

a valley - долина

a plain - равнина

to influence smth. – оказывать влияние на что-либо

mild - умеренный

a highly developed industrial country – высокоразвитая промышленная страна

to produce smth. – производить что-либо

to export smth. – экспортировать что-либо

machinery - станки

electronics - электроника

textile - текстиль

the chief industry - ведущая отрасль промышленности

shipbuilding - судостроение

a constitutional monarchy – конституционная монархия

Head of State - глава государства

the Queen – королева

Answer the questions:

1. What islands is the United Kingdom situated on?

2. What is the country's population?

3. What is the United Kingdom made up of?

4. What is the United Kingdom washed by?

5. How can you characterize the surface of the British Isles?

6. What is the climate of Great Britain?

7. What are Britain's chief industries?

8. What is Britain's political system?

Translate into English:

1. Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии расположено на Британских островах, состоящих из двух больших и тысяч малых островов.

2. Население Великобритании в основном (mostly) городское и со­ставляет более 57 миллионов человек.

3. Соединенное Королевство состоит из четырех частей: Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии.

4. Британские острова омываются Атлантическим океаном, Ирланд­ским морем, Северным морем и проливами Ла-Манш и Па-де-Кале.

5. Британские острова состоят из гористой части и низин.

6. Реки в Великобритании не очень длинные.

7. На климат Великобритании оказывает влияние Гольфстрим.

8. Великобритания производит и экспортирует станки, электронику, текстиль, суда.

9. Великобритания - конституционная монархия.

UK Political System

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy. This means that Great Britain is governed by the Parliament and the Queen is Head of State.

The legislative power in the country is exercised by the Houses of Parliament. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords is composed of hereditary and life peers and peeresses The members of the House of Commons are elected by the people They are elected from the constituencies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The House of Commons is the real governing body of the United Kingdom.

The executive power is exercised by Prime Minister and his Cabinet. The government is usually formed by the political party which is supported by the majority in the House of Commons. Prime Minister is the majority party leader and is appointed by the Queen. Prime Minister chooses a team of ministers; twenty of the ministers are in the Cabinet.

The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and the Shadow Cabinet. The two leading parties in Great Britain are the Conservative Party (the Tories) and the Labour Party.

The judiciary branch of the government determines common law and is independent of both the legislative and the executive branches.

There is no written constitution in Great Britain, only precedents and traditions.

Topical Vocabulary

a constitutional monarchy - конституционная монархия

the Queen - королева

Head of State – глава государства

the legislative power - законодательная власть

to be exercised by – осуществляться чем-либо

the Houses of Parliament - парламент

the House of Lords – палата лордов

the House of Commons - палата общин

to be composed of – состоять из

hereditary and life peers – наследственные и пожизненные лорды, пэры

a peeress - пэресса

a member of – член (чего-либо)

to be elected by the people – избираться народом

to be elected from a constituency – избираться от избирательного округа

the real governing body – реальный правящий орган

the executive power –исполнительная власть

Prime Minister - премьер-министр

the Cabinet - кабинет

to be formed by smth. – образовываться, формироваться чем-либо

to be supported by the majority – поддерживаться большинством

the majority party leader – лидер партии большинства

to be appointed by – назначаться (кем-либо)

to choose a team of ministers – создавать команду министров

the official opposition - официальная оппозиция

the Shadow Cabinet – теневой кабинет

the judiciary branch of the government - судебная власть

to determine common law - определять гражданское право

to be independent of smth. – не зависеть от чего-либо

a written constitution - «письменная» конституция

a precedent – прецедент

Answer the questions:

l. What does the term «constitutional monarchy» mean?

2. What body exercises the legislative power in the country?

3. How are the chambers of the Parliament composed?

4. What body exercises the executive power?

5. How is the executive branch of the government formed?

6. What is the official opposition?

7. What does the judiciary branch of the government do?

8. Is there a written Constitution in Great Britain?

Translate into English:

1. Термин «конституционная монархия» означает, что Великобритания управляется парламентом, а главой государства является королева.

2. Законодательная власть принадлежит парламенту, состоящему из двух палат.

3. Члены палаты общин, реального органа управления страной, из­бираются народом.

4. Премьер-министр назначается королевой и сам назначает кабинет.

5. Исполнительная власть в стране осуществляется премьер-мини­стром и его кабинетом.

6. Партия, имеющая большинство в палате общин, формирует пра­вительство.

7. Члены палаты общин избираются от округов в Англии, Шотлан­дии, Уэльсе и Северной Ирландии.

8. Официальная оппозиция формирует свой теневой кабинет.

9. Судебная власть определяет гражданское право.

10. В Англии вместо письменной конституции существуют преце­денты и традиции.

London

London is the capital of the United Kingdom, its economic, political and cultural centre. It is one of the world's most important ports and one of the largest cities in the world. London with its suburbs has a population of about 11 million people.

London has been a capital for nearly a thousand years. Many of its ancient buildings still stand. The most famous of them are the Tower of London, where the crown jewels are kept, Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's Cathedral. Most visitors also want to see the Houses of Parliament, Buckingham Palace (the Queen's home with its Changing of the Guards) and the many magnificent museums.

Different areas of London seem like different cities. The West End is a rich man's world of shops, offices and theatres. The City of London is the district where most offices and banks are concentrated; the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England are here, too. The East End is the district where mostly working people live. The old port area is now called «Docklands». Now there are new office buildings in Docklands, and thousands of new flats and houses.

By the day the whole of London is busy. At night offices are quiet and empty, but the West End stays alive, because this is where Londoners come to enjoy themselves. There are two Opera Houses here, several concert halls and many theatres, as well as cinemas.

Like all big cities, London has streets and concrete buildings, but it also has many big parks, full of trees, flowers and grass. In the middle of Hyde Park or Kensington Gardens you will think that you are in the country, miles away.

Many people live outside the centre of London in the suburbs, and they travel to work in shops and offices by train, bus or underground (“The Tube”).

Topical Vocabulary

an economic, political and cultural centre – экономический, политический и культурный центр

a suburb - пригород

to have a population of – иметь население (количество)

an ancient building – древнее здание

the crown jewels – королевские драгоценности

Changing of the Guards – смена караула

a magnificent museum – великолепный музей

on the north bank of the Thames – на северном берегу Темзы

one of the world’s major cities – один из крупнейших городов мира

an area of – район чего-либо

a rich man’s world – мир богатых

a district – район (города)

to be concentrated – быть сконцентрированным

the Royal Exchange – Лондонская биржа

the Bank of England – Банк Англии

working people – рабочий класс

a port area – портовый район

to be quiet and empty – быть тихим и пустынным

to stay alive – быть оживленным

to come to enjoy oneself – приходить отдыхать, развлекаться

an opera house – оперный театр

a pub – кабачок, пивная

a restaurant - ресторан

a night club – ночной клуб

a concrete building – бетонное здание

to be full of trees, flowers and grass – быть полным деревьев, цветов и травы

to live outside the centre - жить вне центра

to travel to work by train, bus or underground - ездить на работу на поезде, автобусе или метро

Answer the questions:

1. What part does London play in the life of the United Kingdom?

2. What are the most famous ancient buildings of London?

3. What are different districts of London famous for?

4. Why do some districts of London stay alive at night?

5. What has London except concrete buildings?

6. Where do many people live?

Translate into English:

1. Лондон - экономический, политический и культурный центр, один из крупнейших портов страны и один из крупнейших городов в мире.

2. Самые знаменитые древние здания - Лондонский Тауэр, Вестмин­стерское аббатство, собор Святого Павла, Парламент, Букингемский дворец.

3. Лондон был небольшим римским городом.

4. Вест-Энд - район магазинов, офисов и театров, район богатых людей.

5. В Сити сконцентрированы банки, офисы, в том числе Лондонская биржа и Банк Англии.

6. В Ист-Энде живут рабочие.

7. В Докланде, бывшем районе портов, сейчас много новых офисов.

8. В Вест-Энд лондонцы приезжают развлекаться.

London’s Places of Interest

London is not only the political, economic and cultural centre of the United Kingdom. It is the main tourist attraction of the country. There are a lot of places of interest in London which attract thousands of tourists every year. They usually want to see Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, Buckingham Palace, St. Paul's Cathedral, the Tower of London.

Westminster is now the political centre of London. In the 11th century King Edward the Confessor decided to build a great abbey church there. There are many royal tombs in the Abbey, like the tomb of Edward the Confessor himself, and memorials to famous men and women. The most popular ones are those to writers, poets and musicians in the Poet's Corner. William the Conqueror was crowned there, and since then all the coronations have taken place in the Abbey.

During the reign of Edward the Confessor the Palace of Westminster was built, too. It was the royal residence and also the country's main court. The Parliament met here since the 16th till the 19th century. The present Houses of Parliament were built after the fire in the Palace of Westminster in 1834. There are two houses in the Parliament, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. St. Stephen's Tower of the Houses of Parliament contains the famous Big Ben.

Buckingham Palace is the Queen's official London residence. Londoners usually watch the Changing of the Guards in the forecourt of the palace. It lasts about 30 minutes.

St Paul's Cathedral is Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece. It was built since 1675 until 1709. It is crowned with a huge dome. Inside the dome there is the famous Whispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the Cathedral, including memorials to Wellington and Nelson.

The Tower of London is associated with many important events in the British history. It has been a fortress, a palace, a prison, a mint. The Tower of London is famous for its prisoners, like Sir Thomas More and Guy Fawkes. The White Tower was built by William the Conqueror to protect the city. The Tower is guarded by «Beefeaters», the Yeomen Guards.

London is noted for its museums and art galleries. Among them are the National Gallery, the National Portrait Gallery, the Tate, the Museum of London, the Museum of Moving Image, Madame Tussau's Museum and many others.

Topical Vocabulary

the main tourist attraction – главный предмет интереса туристов

to attract thousands of tourists – привлекать тысячи туристов

King Edward the Confessor - король Эдуард Исповедник

an abbey church – церковь аббатства

aroyal tomb – гробница короля или королевы

memorials to famous men and women - мемориалы известных людей

the Poet's Corner - Уголок поэтов

William the Conqueror - Вильгельм Завоеватель

to be crowned - короноваться

a coronation - коронация

during the reign of smb. – во время правления кого-либо

the royal residence – королевская резиденция

the country's main court – верховный суд страны

to contain smth – содержать что-либо

the Queen's official residence – официальная резиденция королевы

the Changing of the Guards - смена караула

in the forecourt of the palace - перед дворцом

a masterpiece - шедевр

to be crowned with a huge dome – быть увенчанным огромным куполом

the Whispering Gallery – Галерея шепота

to be associated with smth. – быть связанным с чем-либо

an event - событие

a fortress - крепость

a mint – монетный двор

to protect smth. – защищать что-либо

to be guarded by smb. – охраняться кем-либо

a Beefeater - бифитер

a Yeoman Guard – стражник-йомен

to be noted for smth. – быть знаменитым чем-либо

an art gallery – художественная галерея

the Museum of Moving Image – Музей кино

Answer the questions:

1. What are the main tourist attractions in London?

2. What is Westminster Abbey noted for?

3. What is the history of the Houses of Parliament?

4. What is Buckingham Palace?

5. What is St. Paul's Cathedral famous for?

6. What is the Tower of London associated with?

7. What world-famous museums are there in London?

Translate into English:

1. Предметами интереса туристов в Лондоне являются Вестминстер­ское аббатство, Парламент, Букингемский дворец, собор Святого Павла.

2. В Вестминстерском аббатстве, построенном Эдуардом Испо­ведником, находятся гробницы королей и мемориалы известных людей.

3. Все коронации проводятся в Вестминстерском аббатстве.

4. Во время правления Эдуарда Исповедника дворец был королевс­кой резиденцией; там также располагался верховный суд.

5. Букингемский дворец - официальная лондонская резиденция анг­лийской королевы; он известен также сменой караула.

6. Шедевр сэра Кристофера Рена, собор Святого Павла, увенчан ог­ромным куполом.

7. Лондонский Тауэр, построенный для защиты Лондона, был крепо­стью, дворцом, тюрьмой и монетным двором.

8. Тауэр известен также стражниками - иоменами, или бифитерами.

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