Muslim reform movement in the early XX century

The beginning of XX century was the time of the birth of national consciousness of the peoples of Russia, traditionally referred to as Muslim. At the head of the national movement was the Muslim intelligentsia. Its task was the mass education and the development of national culture.

The outbreak of the revolution had an impact on Muslim national movement. Already in February 1905 in St. Petersburg was the declared intention to create a universal Muslim Union. The proposal was supported in the field and already August 15, 1905 in Nizhny Novgorod hosted the first congress of "Ittifak - al - Muslimin" (Union of Muslims). Among its delegates were representatives of the Orenburg province. As the country developed extensive publishing activities, which contribute much to the Manifesto of October 17 proclaimed the freedom of the press. In Russia at different times it came out 33 editions of the Tatar language (21 newspapers, 12 magazines, 7 of them in Orenburg). Muslims relied on legal, legitimate to achieve their goals, chief among them - the cultural-national autonomy. Therefore, "Ittifak" unites a lot of law-abiding, well-known and wealthy Muslim leaders, imams. Conditions for extremist statements in this union was not simple, although there were Tatar Socialist Revolutionaries (tanisty), shares the position "Ittifak" in matters of education and national development, but stood for more aggressive action.

10. Social and political activities of the national intelligentsia at the early XX century:

Bukeikhanov, a major political figure, a prominent scientist and economist, founder of the party "Alash", the member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party and the Muslim Fraction in the State duma became a leader of nationwide liberal democratic opposition. There was a consolidation of the Turkic peoples based on the awakening of national consciousness. I-III congress of Muslims of Russia was called, the “Muslim party Society” was formed, but as a part of the State Duma - Muslim parliamentary faction was created in 1905-1906. The Delegates Congress of five areas (except Semipalatinsk one) of the region, which adopted the program of the Cadet party, was held in December, 1905 in Uralsk. Thus, the leaders of the national movement led by A. Bukeikhanov, A. Baitursynov and B. Karataev made an attempt to aim the national liberation movement in the direction of the struggle for a constitutional monarchy and liberal reforms. At the same time they criticized the tsarism policy, particularly agrarian one. For example, a member of the State Duma B. Karataev protested against the confiscation of land from the Kazakhs. He said in his speech: " In our country, aggravated agrarian issue is wanted to be resolved with the help of resettlement of peasants into the territory of the steppe regions, namely in the Uralsk, Turgay, Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions ". While talking with the general administrator in agriculture and land planning the Kazakh deputy asked for at least temporarily stopping of resettlement of Russian peasants in Kazakhstan.

Representatives of peasant-democratic direction grouped around the "Aikap" magazine, which had been published in 1911-1915. M. Seralin was a publisher and editor of it (1871-1929). Zh. Seydalin, B. Karataev, S. Toraigyrov, S. Seifulin, B. Maylin and many others collaborated in this magazine. However, the magazine had been publishing for about five years and ceased existing because of lack of funds. The "Kazakh" newspaper, published from 1913 to 1918, expressed the ideas of the liberal-democratic direction. The leader of the Kazakh Constitutional Democratic Party and the National Movement of the Kazakh people scientist and economist A. Bukeikhanov, A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov and many others cooperated in this party. In the main, agrarian issue, they stood for the requirements of the abolition of state ownership of land and its transfer to the ownership of the Kazakhs, prohibition to sale the land. In the socio-political part the liberal-democratic direction stood up for the evolutionary development of society. In general, despite the different opinions regarding the development of socio-economic and socio-political life of the region, the "Aikap" magazine and the "Kazakh" newspaper were able to express on their pages the nationwide ideas and interests of the Kazakh people under colonial outlying districts of the empire. After the collapse of autocracy the Provisional Government, continuing, in fact, tsarism policy, could not solve the national problem and didn’t aspire to resolving the agrarian question. The issue of self-determination or autonomy of the Kazakhs, like the other oppressed peoples, it did not even try to put forward. This was the reason that A. Bukeikhanov publicly announced his resignation from the Cadet party in the "Kazakh" newspaper. He emphasized three points: "The Cadet Party stands for the transfer of land to private ownership. The transfer of land to private hands in our conditions will lead to the fact that after some time, as it has happened in Bashkiria, plots of land will be transferred to a neighboring peasant, and the Kazakhs will become poverty-ridden. The Cadet Party is opposed to a national autonomy. We, having held banner of Alash, are striving to form a national autonomy... The Cadet Party is opposed to the separation of church and state, and I support the separation of church and state. Differences on these three items... were clearly revealed. I decided to resign from the Cadet Party and organize the "Alash" party”. The leaders of the Kazakh liberal movement, taking into consideration the rapidly changing situation and accelerated process of polarization of political forces, decided to accelerate the carrying out of the Public Kazakh Congress. The first Public Kazakh Congress, where all the representatives from almost all regions of Kazakhstan participated in, had been held in Orenburg on July, 21-26, 1917. There were 14 issues on the agenda. The main attention of the delegates was paid to the problem of national autonomy, land issue solvation, the preparation for the Constituent Assembly and the establishment of the Kazakh political party. A month before the congress there were a series of articles published in the newspaper "Kazakh", in those articles different views on the issue of autonomy were stated. A. Baitursynov and M. Dulatov stood up for the establishment of an independent autonomous Kazakh state. Bukeikhanov gave preference to the Kazakh national-territorial autonomy of the republic. This view was supported by the majority. The first Public Kazakh Congress was constituted in the Kazakh national and political party "Alash". Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Ahmet Baitursynov and other representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia of bourgeois-democratic direction became its leaders. The following representatives of scientific and creative intelligentsia also entered the party: M. Tynyshpaev, M. Zhumabaev, Sh. Kudaiberdiev, G. Karashev, S. Toraigyrov, H. Gabbasov, A. Ermekov, J. and H. the Dosmukhammedovs etc. Since the new party was guided by national interests, making the rise and development of economic and cultural life of the Kazakh people a cornerstone of their activity, at that time it became an influential political force. Therefore, talking about the party "Alash" there should be such a determination, as a movement, because the Alash movement was the main leading force throughout the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people of the early XX century. The political persecution of members of the party "Alash", as well as the senior officials of the republic gradually increased with the strengthening of the totalitarian regime. Policy of pressure on the republic increased and became particularly harsh with the advent of F.I. Goloschekin to the administration of the republican Communist Party directed here in September, 1925. Under the different pretexts, the prominent state and public figures of Kazakhstan were removed from the republic in 1927-1929: N. Nurmakov, T. Ryskulov, S. Hodzhanov, M. Murzagaliev. 44 persons from among so-called former figures of “Alash-Orda” were arrested on a false charge in the end of 1928. The following prominent state and public figures of Kazakhstan were subjected to repression on a false charge in 1937-1938 – T. Ryskulov, N. Nurmakov, S. Hodzhanov, U. Kulumbetov, U. Dzhandosov, A. Dosov, A. Asylbekov, Zh. Sadvakasov, L. Mirzoyan, A. Safarbekov, Zh. Sultanbekov, T. Zhurgenov, N. Syrgabekov, Z. Toregozhin and many others. Kazakh science and culture suffered irreplaceable losses. A. Bukeikhanov, A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, M. Zhumabaev, S. Seifullin, I. Dzhansugurov, B. Mailin, S. Asfendiyarov, K. Zhubanov, Zh. Shanin, T. Shonanov, K. Kemengerov became the victims of repressions. Thus, totalitarian regime, which had replaced the colonial one, gained a foothold in all spheres of social and political life of Kazakhstan in 20-30-ies.

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