ПО КУЛЬТУРЕ РЕЧЕВОГО ОБЩЕНИЯ

As a major industrial country Britain has a labour force with high levels of technical and commercial skill. However, in common with other industrial countries, it has suffered in recent years from high levels of unemployment.

The Government's employment strategy is to maintain an economic, financial and industrial climate in which businesses can operate successfully and create jobs. It is taking action to improve the labour market by encouraging better training, removing regulatory barriers which hinder recruitment by firms, and providing an extensive range of employment and training measures for those most affected by unemployment (particularly the long-term unemployed and the young) to help them into productive work.

Advice on manpower policy issues is provided by the Manpower Service Commission. It is a body in which employers, trade unions, local authorities and educational interests are represented. Most of its activities are financed from public funds. The main public employment services arе provided in Great Britain by the MSC which offers a comprehensive service for employers needing staff and for people seeking jobs.

Local education authorities provide a careers service, i.e. vocational guidance for people attending all educational institutions, except universities, which have their own careers service, and an employment service for those leaving them. Authorities may also provide an employment service for other people in their early post-school years.

A large number of 16 and 17 year-olds enter Youth Training programmes established by the Government as a means of helping young people to gain vocational experience through training. The Government guarantees a place on the scheme to everybody under 18 who is not in full-time education or in work. Youth Training programmes cover a wide range of vocational skills from hairdressing to engineering, and a large percentage of trainees are able to find work once they have completed a Youth Training course.

Professional and Executive Recruitment is a specialist branch of the MSC which helps employers looking for professional, managerial, scientific or technical staff and assists people seeking employment at this level. It operates nationally, through a network of offices. It offers a comprehensive recruitment service based on a weekly jobs newspaper.

Another option is to become self-employed. This requires a product or service which has a clear market, as well as good advice and motivation. It is not easy, as is testified by the high proportion of business start-ups which fail during their first year. However, a number of organisations offer grants as well as start-up advice. For example, The Prince's Youth Business Trust (a sister of The Prince's Trust organisation) helps unemployed and disadvantaged 18 to 29 year-olds set up viable businesses and provides grants and loans to both individuals and groups. Free advice is offered by the network of Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), co-ordinate through the Department of Trade and Industry and run by professional advisers and business people. Also the Business Enterprise Programme provides training in skills needed to run small businesses.

6. What opportunities are there for school-leavers to get vocational experience?

7. Who can get employment services from the Professional and Executive Recruitment branch of the MSC?

Career Services assists students in all aspects of their career development throughout their years at university. Career planning services include career counseling, workshops on career topics, a Career Resource Library, and referrals through the Alumni Career Network.

The Cooperative Education and Internship Programme works with qualified students and employers to arrange preprofessional work experience relating to a student's major field of study. Most of the positions carry salaries, allowing students to help pay for their education.

In addition, many placement services are available to help seniors find employment after graduation. Each year, hundreds of employers are on campus to conduct interviews.

Ex.3. Use an appropriate word or phrase from the box to complete each sentence.

1) The Internet is changing the way that companies work; ______ some use their website to advertise job vacancies.

2) Some companies use newspaper advertisements in the recruitment process ______ others prefer to use consultants.

3) With the boom in hi-tech industries, well-qualified software specialists are difficult to find; ______in the automotive industry, there is a shortage of engineering graduates.

4) To get good management jobs, an MBA is now often a requirement; ______ knowledge of two foreign languages including English is increasingly demanded.

5) The Internet is being used more and more as a recruitment tool, ______ there are few statistics available yet about how successful it is.

Graduate unemployment in Britain is falling but when it comes to getting a job some courses do better than others.

While language and computer science graduates enjoy below-average rates of unemployment, those who have read creative arts and design, social studies, politics and economics suffer higher rates.

Those from the newest universities do worse than those from the established alumnae. Vocational courses have lower unemployment levels than more academic courses, such as English and history.

Typically the lowest unemployment levels are among the medical, dental and veterinary sciences, agriculture and architecture graduates.

A survey by the Association of Graduate Recruiters, representing some of the bigger and more traditional graduate employers, found that there were more than 50 graduates applying for every vacancy. On average most graduates make about 60 applications.

Although more and more graduates are finding employment there is a question mark over what kind of work they are finding and how underemployed are these new armies of highly skilled workers. The latest statistics show that, while the vast majority were getting management, professional and technical jobs worthy of a degree, something like 16pc were getting clerical and secretarial jobs and another 9pc were getting jobs in sales. All over London there are rooms full of graduates trying to sell everything from stationery to advertising space on a commission-only basis. Some of these seemingly no-graduate jobs are stop-gap positions, some are stepping stones and some, though they may have a clerical title, are in fact quite high-powered computer positions.

The main growth in graduate employment has come not through the traditional employers taking on more graduates but smaller more entrepreneurial companies also realising that they too need their share of brain power if they are to compete. So if companies of whatever size want to recruit intelligence and people they can train, they have to go to the graduate pool.

It is also true that with the labour market breaking up and moving away from the old certainties, new careers are opening up all the time and the old problem of graduates "not knowing what to do" is as acute as ever. Many have a much better idea of what they don't want to do than what they really want. Many will never know what they want to do until they have tried a few jobs and got some insight from the inside of the jobs market rather than the outside.

4) This job advertisement looks interesting. I'll send _____an application form.

Job satisfaction is important but I have a wife and baby so I have to think about money too. If a job interests me, I need to know what ______ it offers and also whether there are regular annual increases, called _______. I want to know if I will receive a _______ when I _______ at the age of 60 or 65. If the job is selling a product, I ask if I'll receive a percentage of the value of what I sell, called ______. It is also important to know if there are extra advantages, like free meals or transport, or the free use of a car. These are called _______ or fringe benefits. Are the future _______ good? For example, is there a good chance of _______ to a better job, with more money and responsibility? Is the job near my home? If it isn't, I'll have to _______ every day and this can be expensive. I am very keen to be successful. I am very _______. I don't want to stay in the same job all my life.

Some of the most important letters any person has to write are letters of application for a job. Only a generation ago, the majority of the workforce began work as teenagers or young adults and continued with the same company until they retired some 45 years or so later. These people may never have drafted a curriculum vitae(CV) or a written application for a job.

However the job market has changed a great deal in recent years. Young adults find that they can not wait ten years for promotion within their starting company, and so need to look for new challenges elsewhere.

People in their forties and fifties are increasingly thrown on to the job market through redundancy. The whole spectrum of the workforce is now highly mobile and so finding a job has never been a more competitive business.

This means that the people dealing with job applications are often snowed under, and they will never be able to interview everyone who applies. They will have a few criteria by which to choose a small number of people, and those are the people:

So there are 3 documents that need to be dealt with: CVs; letters of application; and application forms.

Curriculum vitae ("the road of life") = CV = resume (USA) =brief personal history.

CVs are required for all except the most junior jobs, and are a basis for assessment and comparison of applicants for a job. CVs provide information about an applicant, set out in a way easy to read.

YOUR curriculum vitae is your most critical selling document. If you get it right it will land you the interviews you want; get it wrong and your hard-earned work experience could be consigned to the waste bin.

As it is the only thing that you can fully control in the job selection process, it is vital that your CV should put across everything you want to say about yourself in the most impressive way. It must highlight your value to the potential employer, as well as leave the interviewer with a clear reminder of what you could do for them. Not only that, if it gets you on the short list, it will help provide a structure for the interview and encourage your interviewer to focus on your achievements.

YOUR aim is to make it as easy as possible for your potential employer to select you, so ensure that your skills, abilities and experience literally shout out from the page. Keep it brief but full of substance, so that they can see at a glance that you would be capable of the job.

Most critical is that you write for the reader. Identify what it is that your potential employer is looking for, so that your CV focuses on their needs. Ideally, you should tailor your CV for each job. Keep sentences short; they are easier to read and have greater impact. Examine each word that you have used to describe yourself to see if a more powerful one could be used. Avoid jargon.

Write your CV in the third person, rather than the first, so that you can give yourself proper credit without appearing brash.

KEEP your CV up to date. The interviewer is more interested in what you are doing now and the pertinence of your current skills and experience than in what you were doing ten years ago. Headhunters nowadays advise that your career and corresponding achievements are highlighted up front. So after your name and address and contact number at the top, go straight into details about your employment history, followed by your education and qualifications, finishing with your personal details.

Always put your most recent job first and then work back in chronological order. As people read from left to right, put the most important things on the left side of the page, so state the title of the job you had first, then for whom you did it and finally when you did it. Give a brief description of the scale and scope of the company you worked for. You cannot assume your reader will have heard of it. Under each particular job you mention, your own achievements are more important than your responsibilities. Quantify and qualify what you actually did in your role, using hard facts to demonstrate the tangible benefits you brought.

IF you have been in a career for a long time, you do not need to include your early education and qualifications. Write the information in reverse order and put the qualifications you achieved, then where you achieved them, followed by the date. Include any appropriate training courses you have been on.

Apart from your name, address and contact numbers, which should go at the top of your CV, all other personal details, including your date of birth, marital status and interests should be left to the end.

Interests are an important part of your CV. They can really bring you alive, say something about you as a person, and differentiate you from the rest. Make sure what you put down adds value.

HAVING worked on the content, make sure the layout does not let you down. It must look professional and be clear and easy to read. Use headings to help the reader to scan the document and bullet points to focus on key information. Print it on quality paper to ensure a quality impression.

IDEALLY, you should customise your CV for each job you are going for, but this may not be practical if you are going for dozens of jobs at a time. What differs fundamentally about the CV you produce is whether it is built around your present job or aimed at a change in your career. CVs appropriate for a change in career will need to pull out relevant transferable skills and this can be done by having a skills and experience section ahead of the career summary. These four to five key skills will match what is on the job specification.

At the end of the day, your CV is all about packaging. If you can't sell yourself, how will you be able to promote the company you are working for? And you must feel comfortable with what you have written, and confident you can back it up.

In times of high unemployment there are usually very many ____ when a ____ is advertised. Sometimes large numbers of people ____, and send off ____for a single job. It is not unusual, in fact, for hundreds of people to____ to a firm for one post. This number is reduced to a ____ of perhaps six or eight, from whom a final choice is made when they all attend an____. Very possibly the people interviewing will be interested in the ____ the candidates gained at school or university and what ____ they have had in previous jobs. They will probably ask for ____ written by the candidates' teachers and employers.

referee(s) x6, applicant(‘s) x5, employees, employers, report on, quote, job description, assessment, reference

Ex.13. Advertisements for jobs often list the qualities of the kind of person they are looking for. Make sure you know what each of the following mean. Can you add more? Decide on the five most important qualities needed for your future profession.

Experienced, enthusiastic, sociable, hard-working, highly-motivated, numerate, honest, skilled, confident, caring, flexible, talented, innovative, competent, enterprising.

Ex.14. Read the following formal notice from an employer and use the information to complete the gaps in the informal letter. Use no more than two words for each gap. The words you need do not occur in the formal notice.

I just thought I'd drop you a line and tell you about the summer job I've just got in a local bookshop. They've just sent me all the rules of the job and I must say some of them look a bit strict! I'll ____ get there ____ – that is at 8.30 -and they say that anyone who's ____ will get ____. We're supposed to be ____ - things like jeans won't ____. They didn't mention that in the interview!

We're all supposed to ____ to ____ the customers as _____ and as well as we can and we're supposed to be _____ them all the time. Oh and we're supposed to _____ senior if there's a question we can't answer.

It looks as if I'm going to be pretty busy! I'll be taking orders on the phone, getting orders ____ people come to collect them and _____ that the shelves are _____. Still, they're going to _____ every week, which I'm glad about. Well, I'm not sure if I'm going to enjoy it but it won't be for long and 1 do need the money.

Одно из направлений деятельности отделов профориентации выпускников вузов - работа с компаниями по заявкам. Выпускники направляются на работу в ту или иную компанию на рекомендательной основе, в соответствии с реалиями современного рынка труда. Не каждого студента можно рекомендовать от имени вуза на серьезную позицию в престижную фирму: общественное мнение о вузе, его рейтинг не в последнюю очередь складываются благодаря выпускникам. Как найти и рекомендовать студента или выпускника, удовлетворяющего требованиям работодателя?

Отделы создают собственную интерактивную базу данных, которая будет содержать резюме студентов и выпускников.

По оценкам консультантов службы занятости, лишь 15% выпускников являются «карьеристами», то есть имеют высокий уровень мотивации к достижению успеха. Они уже выбрали направление, в котором хотели бы найти работу, могут аргументировать свой выбор, у них есть необходимые теоретические знания, практические навыки, определенный набор личных качеств, позволяющий достичь успеха в жизни. Это золотой фонд любого вуза, на который сейчас крайне высокий спрос среди работодателей. Но есть и другие выпускники, от которых нередко приходится слышать: «У меня нет опыта работы. Меня никто не возьмет на работу».

Конечно, не любое предприятие готово пригласить молодого специалиста, но есть компании, которые интересуются именно выпускниками с минимальным опытом работы или даже без него. Одна из задач вузовских подразделений профориентации - поиск таких компаний, установление долгосрочных отношений с ними. В основном это западные фирмы - мощные отраслевые производственные комплексы, производители товаров народного потребления, консалтинговые компании и т.д. У них давно сложилась культура приема на работу выпускников и их дальнейшего обучения. Но примечательно, что в последнее время и российские компании все активнее проявляют интерес к молодым специалистам.

A program (usually from 6 weeks up to 3 months) when students join P&G for salaried full-time positions during their University vacations. Internships are an integral part of P&G full-time recruiting strategy. They provide an opportunity for the student and the Company to evaluate each other over an extended period.

If an employer has seen that you're not at all what he's looking for from your application you will not be called in for an interview. So if you are called in for an interview you might say you already have one foot in the door. But he won't only have called you in. So this is the critical moment — what you do, what impression you make will either make or break you. The employer will be judging you by the way you look, your attitude, personality and if he thinks you can cope with the job. It is always best to find as much as possible about the company you are being interviewed by. And about the job for which you are applying. This will help you understand the questions asked and should arm with some intelligent questions to ask in turn. Interview etiquette revolves round honesty, a show of confidence and a common courtesy.

The type of job you are applying for will obviously have considerable bearing on what you choose to wear. You should think about whether your interview is going to be held in the executive's office or on the factory floor. Most interviews take place in an office and in these circumstances the interviewee should be smartly dressed; men should wear suits or at least a jacket and a tie, and a woman should choose comparably smart clothes - a suit or dress.

However smart your clothes are you should not let them smother your character. Men can hint at their more eccentric or imaginative streak by their choice of tie, by having a brightly coloured handkerchief in their top pocket, or simply by the colour of their socks. Women can achieve the same effect with accessories and jewellery, although ornate and very showy jewellery can be off-putting. While women should not deliberately choose dowdy clothes, they should avoid wearing overtly sexy clothes.

In short, interview clothes should say something about yourself while helping you to exude an air of confidence and professionalism. The most important thing about interview clothes is that they should be comfortable. If you buy an outfit especially for an interview, make sure you wear it in first so that it is comfortable and feels familiar.

You should always leave time to arrive punctually at interviews, but do not arrive early. If you have time to spare, spend it collecting your thoughts before presenting yourself for the interview. If you present yourself too early you will appear a little desperate and insecure, and you will give yourself time to get nervous while you sit and wait. While you are waiting to go into your interview take a few deep breaths to calm yourself and think over the questions you would like to ask your interviewer.

When the interviewer arrives or when you are shown into his office, smile and make eye contact. If he or she offers a hand to shake, take it firmly, but don't wag it briskly. Make sure you get the interviewer's name, and use it at intervals during the interview. If you are offered a cup of tea or coffee, don't resort to saying, ‘I don't mind’ or ‘only if you're having one’; although accommodating, these are indecisive answers that will not impress a prospective employer. Whether or not your interviewer is drinking anything, it is a good idea to accept the offer of a drink; this is an indication that you feel comfortable, and having the drink may help you to relax.

The main object of an interview is for the prospective employer to let you know about the job in question and to size you up. If the interviewer talks at length, concentrate on what he or she is saying: everything the interviewer tells you about the job should help you plead your own case as a prospective employee. If you concentrate, you won't be caught out if he or she suddenly says 'do you agree?'

If you disagree with something the interviewer has said, say so (always remember that he or she may have deliberately said something contentious to see whether you had the nerve to stick to your opinion). Be yourself and be honest about yourself; if you have to lie or change yourself to get a job, you are unlikely to be successful or happy in it. Give honest answers to questions even if you think you are not saying what the interviewer wants to hear; it is better to say 'this may not be what you want to hear, but...' than to lie.

When the interviewer asks you a difficult question, don't be afraid to take your time in answering. You may even give them a wry smile or admit 'that's a difficult one', but don't let yourself be rushed into answering straight away.

Never forget that you are sizing the company up just as much as they are sizing you up. You should always have questions ready to ask them. A lack of interest and curiosity in the company and the job would not be a good sign. But you should not ask questions about working hours and time off; that would indicate a negative attitude to the work.

At the end of the interview the interviewer will usually thank you for coming, and will say that the company will be getting in touch to let you know whether or not you have the job. This is your cue to leave, and you should not linger on after it. As you get to your feet, you should thank the interviewer for agreeing to see you and make a final remark about how much you would enjoy being a part of the company.

Try to put your hand forward to shake hands before the interviewer does; this is a positive, assertive gesture. As you leave the room, don't just walk out and close the door behind you, but turn round and offer them one last smile before you leave.

2) What is the most important thing to remember when you go into a job interview?

One of the ways for employers to attract and keep employees is through good job benefits. No, not free travel and holidays or food orders! A good medical insurance policy covering even the members of the family and a good pension are important but usually the only benefits.

Besides benefits there are sometimes other good things that come with the job. They are called perks and may include such things as free parking and use of a company car. Business people also usually get what is known as an expense account from the company. The money from this expense account can be used for company parties, conferences, or other such work-connected expenses.

Я посмотрел на часы. До собеседования осталось пятнадцать минут, а я уже стою перед дверью офиса. Отлично! А всего-то надо было заранее выяснить, где будет проводиться интервью, как добраться до этого места и сколько это займет времени (естественно, при самом плохом стечении обстоятельств: отмена электричек, пробки на дорогах, неожиданный снегопад). Я застегнул пуговицу пиджака (для встречи с потенциальным работодателем я надел, конечно же, костюм), открыл заветную дверь и, немного осмотревшись, обратился к секретарю: мне назначено собеседование тогда-то и тогда-то.

Признаюсь, я немного волновался, но не подавал вида, ведь интервью - это не только конкретные ответы соискателя на поставленные вопросы. Здесь оценивается и внешний вид, и манера себя держать, и даже уверенность кандидата в своих силах. Надо произвести благоприятное впечатление на работодателя в первое же мгновение, например, надо правильно сесть. Я знаю наверняка: для установления контакта с любым человеком надо при разговоре не только смотреть ему в глаза, но и быть повернутым к собеседнику всем корпусом.

К интервью я готовился заранее, репетировал ответы на возможные вопросы, как настоящий драматический актер. Выверял по часам: не более 2-3 минут на каждый вопрос. Итак, меня попросили рассказать...

О себе. Пространное жизнеописание тут не подходит. Я коротко рассказал о своем образовании, описал опыт работы, попытался подчеркнуть свои сильные профессиональные стороны и, что особенно важно, ни разу не упомянул, что «все это написано в резюме».

О последнем месте работы. Здесь я стремился показать, что финансовый менеджмент (то дело, которым я занимаюсь) мне очень нравится. О компании, где раньше работал, я говорил только хорошее (естественно, прежнего начальника не критиковал). Я привел два примера своих (не самых крупных) ошибок, пояснив, что неприятности, возникшие по моей вине, были мною же и разрешены при минимальном ущербе для фирмы.

О зарплате. Я решил беседовать на эту тему лишь в том случае, если почувствую, что мной как кандидатом действительно заинтересовались. Но ответы на основные вопросы продумал еще дома. Сколько я сейчас получаю (среднее значение или интервал), граница оплаты, ниже которой я не намерен опускаться ни при каких условиях (немного завышенная), мое отношение к пониженному уровню заработной платы на испытательный срок (само собой разумеется, положительное).

И все бы хорошо, если бы не ловушки, расставляемые опытным интервьюером на каждом шагу.

Неконкретный вопрос. Не стоит поддаваться соблазну и пускаться в пространные рассуждения. Поэтому я сразу уточнил, что именно волнует представителя фирмы: «Правильно ли я понял, что для Вас представляет интерес информация о...» Тем самым я не только не попался в ловушку, вынудив интервьюера конкретизировать вопрос, но и продемонстрировал свою проницательность.

2. Do you think it would be easy for the interviewers to bring out your character? Why (not)?

3. What problems do you think you would have in an interview in a foreign country? Why?

4. What should you change about yourself to be able to do well in such an interview?

9. Would it be easier or more difficult for you to go on looking for a job after they didn't take you on? Why?

10. How are job-getting techniques in Russia different from those in other countries?

Articulate and well presented, Paul Sutherland is an excellent candidate for the post of Director of Software Development. He _ ____ (want) to leave his present employer, a small computer company, because he ______ (feel) that he ______ (not use) his knowledge of software engineering to the full. He _______ (look for) a more challenging position where his field of specialisation can be exploited in a more stimulating environment. He ______ (realise) that our company ______ (grow) rapidly, and that he would be expected to contribute to that growth. He is familiar with our existing range of software and regularly ______ (read) our publications.

Although at present he _______ (live) in the south, he ______ (say) that he is willing to go wherever we _______ (decide) to send him. He occasionally ______(travel) to various European countries for trade fairs and exhibitions and ______ (enjoy) meeting people of different nationalities. At the moment he ______ (attend) a training course at the Goethe Institute in order to perfect his German.

3) If you were looking for an employee, what qualities would you be looking for?

When Paul left school he wrote an official request for a job in the accounting department of a local engineering company. They gave him a job as a a very junior person in a company. He didn't earn very much but they gave him a lot of organised help and advice with learning the job, and sent him on training courses.

Paul worked hard at the company and his future possibilities in the job looked good. After his first year he got a good more money, and after two years he was given a higher position with more money and responsibility.

After six years' he was in responsible for / the boss of the accounts department with five other workers in the company under his responsibility/authorit y.

By the time Paul was 30, however, he decided he wanted a new exciting situation. He was keen to work abroad, so he officially told the company he was leaving his job; (you can also say 'he quit the company') and started looking for a new job with a bigger company. After a couple of months he managed to find a job with an international company which involved (included) a lot of foreign travel. He was very excited about the new job and at first he really enjoyed the travelling, but...

After about six months, Paul started to dislike the constant moving around, and after a year he hated it, he hated living in hotels, and he never really made any friends in the new company. Unfortunately his work wasn't satisfactory either and he was told to leave the company a year later.

After that, Paul found things much more difficult. He was out of work / without a job for over a year. He had to sell his car and move out of his new house. Things were looking bad and in the end Paul had to work only some of the day or some of the week on a fruit and vegetable stall in a market.

To his surprise, Paul loved the market. He made lots of friends and enjoyed working out in the open air. After two years, he control of the stall. Two years later he opened a second stall, and after ten years he had fifteen stalls. Last year Paul stopped working completely at the age of 55, a very rich man.

2) I took the machine to pieces but found it impossible to fix — in the end I gave it up as a bad ____.

9) This particular task requires close teamwork and if any one of us lies down on the ____, we shall never be able to finish it in time.

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