Russia emerged from a decade of post-Soviet economic and political turmoil (беспорядок) to reassert itself as a world power.

Income from vast natural resources, above all oil and gas, have helped Russia overcome the economic collapse of 1998. The state-run gas monopoly Gazprom is the world's largest producer and exporter, and supplies a growing share of Europe's needs.

2. Ответьте на вопросы: Где находится страна? Какие события отрицательно повлияли на мировую державу? Что помогло преодолеть экономический коллапс 1998 года? Какая монополия является самым большим экспортером газа? Какие страны получают российский газ?

Прочтите следующую справку о политической, экономической и культурной жизни страны.

Economic strength has allowed Vladimir Putin to enhance state control (усилить государственный контроль) over political institutions and the media, buoyed (поддерживаемый) by extensive public support for his policies as prime minister, president and now prime minister again.

Spanning(охватывая) nine time zones, Russia is the largest country on earth in terms of surface area, although large tracts in the north and east are inhospitable and sparsely populated.

The tensest moment came in August 2008, when a protracted row over two breakaway regions of Georgia escalated into a military conflict between Russia and Georgia.

Russia sent troops into Georgia and declared that it was recognising the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, sparking angry reactions in the West and fears of a new Cold War.

At the same time, Moscow threatened to counter plans by the US Bush administration to develop an anti-missile system in Eastern Europe with its own missiles in Kaliningrad Region on Poland's borders. President Obama later withdrew the plan, in a move seen in Russian official circles as a vindication of the assertive foreign policy (защита внешних интересов).

Another source of irritation between Russia and the US is Moscow's role in Iran's nuclear energy programme. Russia agreed in 2005 to supply fuel for Iran's Bushehr nuclear reactor and has been reluctant to support the imposition of UN sanctions on Iran.

A gradual warming in relations between Russia and the US early in 2010 culminated in the signing of a new nuclear arms treaty designed to replace the expired Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (Start) of 1991.

Though disagreements remain between Moscow and Washington over US plans for a missile defence shield, there are signs that the thaw in relations could extend to a greater willingness on the part of Russia to apply pressure on Iran over its nuclear programme.

Russia's economic power lies in its key natural resources - oil and gas. The energy giant Gazprom is close to the Russian state and critics say it is little more than an economic and political tool of the Kremlin.

At a time of increased concern over energy security, Moscow has more than once reminded the rest of the world of the power it wields (владеть) as a major energy supplier. In 2006, it cut gas to Ukraine after a row between the countries, a move that also affected the supply of gas to Western Europe

While Russians make up more than 80% of the population and Orthodox Christianity is the main religion, there are many other ethnic and religious groups. Muslims are concentrated among the Volga Tatars and the Bashkirs and in the North Caucasus.

Separatists and latterly armed Islamists have made the Caucasus region of Chechnya a war zone for much of the post-Soviet era. Many thousands have died since Russian troops were first sent to put down a separatist rebellion in 1994.

Moscow is convinced that any loosening of its grip on Chechnya would result in the whole of the North Caucasus falling to anarchy or Islamic militancy.

Human rights groups at home and abroad have accused Russian forces in Chechnya of widespread abuses against the public. Since the 11 September attacks on the US Moscow has tried to present its campaign as part of the global war against terrorism.

In a sign of growing confidence that peace might be returning, the Russian authorities called a formal end to the military operation against the rebels in 2009. Sporadic violence continues, however, with a major suicide bomb blast in September 2010 reigniting the debate about the efficacy of the counter-terror campaign.

Найдите в данной справке следующую информацию: Что помогает Владимиру Путину усилить государственный контроль? На сколько зон поделено государство? По каким параметрам Россия самая великая? Какова плотность населения на севере и на востоке страны? Какие взаимоотношения России с Грузией? Как повела себя страна в конфликте с Южной Осетией? Какие взаимоотношения России с США? Каким образом заставила правительство Обамы свернуть программу ракетной установки в Европе? Какова роль Москвы в продвижении Ирана программы по атомному развитию? Как отнеслась к выдвижению санкций против Ирана? Потеплели ли отношения сейчас с США? В чем это выражается? На чем сейчас основывается экономика России? Каким количеством энергетических запасов владеет страна? Как это отражается на взаимоотношениях с другими государствами? Каков этнический и религиозный состав страны? Как развивались события в Чечне? Как отнеслись к этим событиям международные организации? Когда было объявлено о прекращении военных действий? Каковы успехи по борьбе с террористическими выпадами?

5. Составьте краткий текст, на основе плана данного выше.

6. Прочтите следующую официальную информацию и ответьте на следующие вопросы: А) какова продолжительность жизни у женщин и у мужчин Б) какие основные города В) каково население Г) где расположена страна Д) кто является главой Е) какой язык является официальным Ж) какая религия З) какой город является столицей И) что экспортирует К) какая денежная единица Л) какова площадь М) какое официальное название страны Н) какой домен в интернете О) какой код страны П) какую дополнительную информацию о стране вы узнали.

Main exports: Oil and oil products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, weapons and military equipment

Составьте краткий текст на основе данных выше фактов.

Прочтите данную ниже информацию, выпишите все политические реалии и снабдите их русскими эквивалентами.

Dmitry Medvedev was sworn in as president in May 2008, taking office as Russia's third president since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The chosen successor of former president Vladimir Putin, Mr Medvedev won just over 70% of the vote in presidential elections held in March, helped by generous media coverage. Upon his election, he said he would continue to follow Mr Putin's course.

In August 2008, he showed that he was determined to maintain his predecessor's assertive foreign policy stance when, in the wake of the conflict between Russia and Georgia, he declared that Russia did not want a new Cold War but was not afraid of one either.

However, a more liberal side has also been evident. In April 2009, he said in an interview with the liberal Novaya Gazeta daily that democracy should not be compromised for the sake of prosperity.

In September 2010, Mr Medvedev wrote an article calling for Russia to wean itself of its dependence on raw materials exports and reliance on a powerful state, in what was seen by some as veiled criticism of his predecessor.

Many, however, believe that Mr Medvedev may still be playing second fiddle to Mr Putin behind the scenes. There is also recurring speculation that Mr Putin may stand for the presidency again when his successor's first term ends in 2012.

Dmitry Medvedev was born in 1965 and has been associated with Vladimir Putin since the early 1990s when they were both involved in politics in St Petersburg.

Mr Medvedev is a lawyer by training and managed Mr Putin's presidential election campaign in 2000. He subsequently worked as chairman of Gazprom and as first deputy prime minister in charge of social programmes.

Former president Vladimir Putin was confirmed as prime minister on 8 May 2008, one day after his protege Dmitry Medvedev was sworn in as president.

Mr Putin's unprecedented move from the Kremlin to the premiership completed a carefully staged transition which will ensure he remains at the heart of power. As prime minister, he has promised to curb inflation, cut taxes and boost social spending. Mr Medvedev has said his political mentor will play a "key role" in shaping the country's development over the next decade.

Mr Putin was barred by the constitution from running for a third presidential term in the elections of March 2008.

However, the rule does not count for non-consecutive terms, and he has hinted that may stand for president again in 2012. If he is elected, new rules extending presidential terms from four six years could allow Mr Putin to occupy the country's top office until 2024.

He was elected to a second term by a landslide in March 2004 with around 70% of the vote. His nearest rival, the Communist candidate, mustered 14%.

Vladimir Putin, who was born in St Petersburg in 1952, started his career in the KGB. From 1990 he worked in the St Petersburg administration before moving to Moscow in 1996. By August 1999 he was prime minister.

He was named acting president by his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin, and went on to win presidential elections in May 2000, having gained widespread popularity for his pledge to take a tough line against Chechen rebels.

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