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Examine the Simple Sentence in English and Ukrainian.Any coherent connection of words according to a definite syntactic pattern with some communicative purpose related to reality is considered to be a sentence. It is the main communicative language unit. In the contrasted languages there are distinguished such structural types of sentences:1) two-member sent.; 2) one-member sent. Two-member sentences have a larger representation in English than in Ukrainian, constituting a typological divergence of the two languages. Two-member sentences, non-existent in Ukrainian, are as follows: 1. Impersonal sentences which are introduced by the impersonal pronoun it: It is thundering. It snowed. 2. Indefinite personal sentences with the subject expressed by the indefinite personal pronoun one, they, you: One says. They say. You don’t say so. 3. Sentence with the introductory it or there: It is time to start. There is nothing to say. 4. Sentences with the implicit agent and passive predicate verb followed by a preposition: He was sent for. The bed was not slept in. 5. Sentences with the secondary predication: I thought him to be a teacher. We saw her cross the street. One-member sentences have a larger number of paradigmatic classes in Ukrainian. This is due to the morphological nature of Ukrainian as a mainly synthetic structure language The definite personal sentences. The doer of the action in these sentences is indicated by the finite verb, eg: Люблю (я) пісні мойого краю. Любіть (ви / всі) Україну всім серцем своїм… The indefinite personal sentences in which their main part, i. e., the verbal component, correlates with the finite verb in the third person plural. Its action may refer to the present, past of future in the indicative, imperative or in the subjunctive mood, eg: Сіяли всю ніч. Дзвонять в усі дзвони. Давніх друзів не забувають. The generalized personal sentences are similar to definite personal sentences. The action of their main part refers to any person correlating with the second person in singular or plural of the indicative or imperative mood, eg: За правду й за народ ставай життям! Дивиться лисицею, а думає вовком! Поживемо – побачимо! Impersonal sentences: Остапові не спалось. Роботу покинуто. Неможливо знищити. The allomorphic one-member sentences are: A. Imperative (inducive) sentences containing a verb and having a V or VP structure: Keep aside, keep aside! Pass on, pass on!– Не підходь, не підходь! Проходьте, проходьте! B. Exclamatory sentences may structurally coincide in English and Ukrainian with nominal and infinitival sentences, eg: Thieves! Fire! How funny! Damn your money Злодії! Вогонь! Як гарно! К бісу твої гроші! С. Infinitival sentences in the contrasted languages have practically identical structural forms: To be or not to be? To be alive! Бути чи не бути? Бути живим! D. Elliptical sentence is a shorter form of sentence which some words have been omitted, but it retains the same meaning. It is used so that we can avoid unnecessary repeated words. (Taking risks? Подумав?). E. Nominative (Night. Measure for Measure. Темнота та тиша. Чудовий сон!); One-Word Sentences/Quasi-Sentences are speech units devoid of the binary S – P (a single S or P) structure. They may consist of a single word or of a functionally equivalent phrase expressing affirmation, negation, address or emotive/incentive meaning. One-word sentences serve to establish or to disjoin the speech contact. 1. Affirmative are usually short answers to the preceding questions, eg: “A real beauty?” – “Indeed”. “Do you love me?” – “Uh huh”. - Аякже … Так! Я буду крізь сльози сміятись. 2. Negative sentences express negation. Their most common components in English and Ukrainian are no, not yet, not at all; ні, зовсім ні, не так, та ні, ще ні, eg: “Hear anything?” – “No. Not a thing”. “You can’t help us at all?” – “Not at all”. (G.Greene) “Ні, ні! Що ти кажеш? Може, й випадково. Ні.(Кочерга) 3. Interrogative convey questions, inquiry, doubt, eg: “…what on earth’s the matter?” –“ Nothing. Why?”. Her voice trembled a little. “Well?”. “В мене екзамен був”. – “Ну і як?” 4. Emotional and exclamatory may be expressed by interjections and other functional words together with notionals: “Goodness sakes! “Not time yet!”. “Го-го! “Ах, он як! Розумію. 5. Incentive and evaluative sentences are also formed from interjections or their functional equivalents which may be phrases or notionals by nature: ”Bosh! Don’t be moral”. “Ssh!” said the Daddy “Їй-богу ж ні!” “Овва. “ Екзаменаційний білет № 6 1. Impersonal sentences which are introduced by the impersonal pronoun it: It is thundering. It snowed. 2. Indefinite personal sentences with the subject expressed by the indefinite personal pronoun one, they, you: One says. They say. You don’t say so. 3. Sentence with the introductory it or there: It is time to start. There is nothing to say. 4. Sentences with the implicit agent and passive predicate verb followed by a preposition: He was sent for. The bed was not slept in. 5. Sentences with the secondary predication: I thought him to be a teacher. We saw her cross the street. One-member sentences have a larger number of paradigmatic classes in Ukrainian. This is due to the morphological nature of Ukrainian as a mainly synthetic structure language The definite personal sentences. The doer of the action in these sentences is indicated by the finite verb, eg: Люблю (я) пісні мойого краю. Любіть (ви / всі) Україну всім серцем своїм… The indefinite personal sentences in which their main part, i. e., the verbal component, correlates with the finite verb in the third person plural. Its action may refer to the present, past of future in the indicative, imperative or in the subjunctive mood, eg: Сіяли всю ніч. Дзвонять в усі дзвони. Давніх друзів не забувають. The generalized personal sentences are similar to definite personal sentences. The action of their main part refers to any person correlating with the second person in singular or plural of the indicative or imperative mood, eg: За правду й за народ ставай життям! Дивиться лисицею, а думає вовком! Поживемо – побачимо! Impersonal sentences: Остапові не спалось. Роботу покинуто. Неможливо знищити. The allomorphic one-member sentences are: A. Imperative (inducive) sentences containing a verb and having a V or VP structure: Keep aside, keep aside! Pass on, pass on!– Не підходь, не підходь! Проходьте, проходьте! B. Exclamatory sentences may structurally coincide in English and Ukrainian with nominal and infinitival sentences, eg: Thieves! Fire! How funny! Damn your money Злодії! Вогонь! Як гарно! К бісу твої гроші! С. Infinitival sentences in the contrasted languages have practically identical structural forms: To be or not to be? To be alive! Бути чи не бути? Бути живим! D. Elliptical sentence is a shorter form of sentence which some words have been omitted, but it retains the same meaning. It is used so that we can avoid unnecessary repeated words. (Taking risks? Подумав?). E. Nominative (Night. Measure for Measure. Темнота та тиша. Чудовий сон!); One-Word Sentences/Quasi-Sentences are speech units devoid of the binary S – P (a single S or P) structure. They may consist of a single word or of a functionally equivalent phrase expressing affirmation, negation, address or emotive/incentive meaning. One-word sentences serve to establish or to disjoin the speech contact. 1. Affirmative are usually short answers to the preceding questions, eg: “A real beauty?” – “Indeed”. “Do you love me?” – “Uh huh”. - Аякже … Так! Я буду крізь сльози сміятись. 2. Negative sentences express negation. Their most common components in English and Ukrainian are no, not yet, not at all; ні, зовсім ні, не так, та ні, ще ні, eg: “Hear anything?” – “No. Not a thing”. “You can’t help us at all?” – “Not at all”. (G.Greene) “Ні, ні! Що ти кажеш? Може, й випадково. Ні.(Кочерга) 3. Interrogative convey questions, inquiry, doubt, eg: “…what on earth’s the matter?” –“ Nothing. Why?”. Her voice trembled a little. “Well?”. “В мене екзамен був”. – “Ну і як?” 4. Emotional and exclamatory may be expressed by interjections and other functional words together with notionals: “Goodness sakes! “Not time yet!”. “Го-го! “Ах, он як! Розумію. 5. Incentive and evaluative sentences are also formed from interjections or their functional equivalents which may be phrases or notionals by nature: ”Bosh! Don’t be moral”. “Ssh!” said the Daddy “Їй-богу ж ні!” “Овва. “ Another difference of paramount importance between the two languages is that of word order. WO in English is of much greater importance than in Ukrainian. The word order in the English sentence is fixed, for English as an analytic language relies much on the order of sentence constituents to convey important grammatical information. Екзаменаційний білет № 7 The singularia tantum include some semantic groups of mainly common nouns, which rarely denote singular notions like parts of the world: the North, the South, names of material: iron, copper,срідло, золото; collective nouns: rubbish, hair, білизна; abstract notions: courage, knowledge, знання, кохання. Therefore, the main classes of singularia tantum nouns are of isomorphic nature, though their representation is not always equal in the contrasted languages. Pluralia tantum nouns include:- Summation names trousers/штани, spectacles/окуляри, leggings/легінси, scales/терези; - Names of remnants: scraps/покидьки, sweepings/зметини, leavings/недоїдки, siftings/недопитки; - Some geographic names: Athens/Афіни, the Netherlands/Нідерланди, the Alps/Альпи, the Carpathians/Карпати, the Bermudas/Бермуди etc.; - Names of games: cards/карти, drafts/дротики/шахи, skittles/кеглі. Allomorphic are some English pluralia tantum nouns denoting abstract (contents/зміст) and concrete notions (barracks/казарма, goods/товар, police/поліція, arms/зброя). On the other hand, allomorphic are Ukrainian pluralia tantum nouns like вершки/сream, дріжджі/yeast, дрова/wood, гроші/money, фінанси/finance, проводи/seeing-off. 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