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In my opinion, modern novels are not as good as the classics.2- Someone asks you what you were doing at six o'clock yesterday evening. At six o’clock yesterday evening, I was finishing my homework. 3- Someone asks you what you think the best thing is about short stories. Give your opinion. I think the best thing about short stories is that things happen quickly. 4- A friend asks you what you used to read when you were five. When I was five, I used to read a newspaper written especially for children.
Past Tenses The present perfect tenseالمضـــــــــــــارع التام Form:Subj. الفاعل + have/has + P.P. ……………….. -I have tidied my bedroom. –Ali (He) has played tennis for an hour. Uses: -1يستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن حدث تم في الماضي وآثرة مازال موجود. -She has cleaned the kitchen. (The kitchen is clean now) - He has broken his leg. (He can't walk easily) 2– حدث انتهي في وقت غير محدد في الماضي: - She has polished her shoes. - He has fed the sheep. - لكن عند تحديد وقت الحدوث نستخدم الماضي البسيط: -She cleaned the kitchen yesterday. – He fed the sheep in the afternoon. 3- يدل المضارع التام علي حدث متكرر(أي أن ذلك الحدث قابل للحدوث مرة أخري): - Messi has scored a hundred goals. (He can score more) - لكن اذ ا استخدمنا الماضي البسيط مع حدث متكرر فمعني ذلك أن الحدث توقف:. - He wrote 46 novels. (He stopped writing) 4- يعبر المضارع التام عن أحداث تمت حديثا. - I've just finished reading this book. 5- يستخدم المضارع التام للسؤال عن خبرات سابقة دون تحديد وقت حدوثها. - Have you ever met anyone famous? 7- نستخدم (has /have been to) بمعنى ذهب لمكان وعاد أما (has /have gone to) ذهب لمكان ومازال هناك (لم يعد) - My sister has gone to school. (She is still at school now.) - My sister has been to the cinema. (She isn't there now). - يستخدم المضارع التام مع الكلمات الآتية: Just / already / yet / so farحتي الآن / ever / never / lately / recently / since / for / up till now ملاحظــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــات 1 - لاحظ أن ever/never/just/ already تأتي بينhave/has والتصريف الثالث: PP. - I have just written the letter. - He has never done karate. 2 - يأتي بعد since نقطة زمنية تحدد بداية الحدث أما for يأتي بعدها مدة هذا الحدث.
- We have owned this house since 1988 - He has known the same friends for three years. - كما يأتى بعد since أيضا اسم يدل علي وقت معلوم مثل: - lunch / lunchtime / his childhood / her wedding / their arrival……. - She has stayed her since her marriage. - He has known the same friends since hischildhood. - الجملة التي تأتي بعد since تكون ماضي بسيط - I haven’t seen him since he left for Cairo. - يمكن استخدام ever فى الجمل التى تتضمن صفة درجة ثالثة او رقم ترتيبي - This is the strangest match I have ever watched. - تستخدم yet فى نهاية الأسئلة و الجمل المنفية. - Has he arrived yet? - They haven't eaten yet. - نستخدم already فى الأسئلة و الجمل المثبتة. - Have you already written to John? - He has already had dinner. - عند استخدام since / for بدلا من the last time / last / when / ago نحول الماضي البسيط إلى مضارع تام منفى. - I last ate fish when I was in Alex. = - I haven’t eaten fish since I was in Alex. - I haven’t seen him for ages. = - It’s ages since I last saw him. غالبا في الاثبات و السؤال (just) - تستخدم -What has he just said? -She has just turned on the computer. 10- عند استخدام ago بدلا من since / for نحول المضارع التام المثبت الى began / started + to + inf. - It has rained for two hours. = - It began to rain two hours ago. 11 – تستخدم كل من (recently / lately) بنفس الطريقة في السؤال - Has Messi scored goals lately / recently? في النفي و السؤال (lately)في الاثبات و (recently) - يفضل استخدام -She has moved to a new house recently. - He hasn't phoned me lately. - اذا كان التحويل من (for) الي (since) صعب (اي المدة لا يمكن تحويلها الي تاريخ) نستخدم التركيبة نستخدم الطريقة التالية: It (is – has been) مدة since ماضي بسيط - He hasn't travelled for ages. (since) - It is ages since he travelled. He hasn’t studied for along time. (since) - It is along time since he studied. - كما يستخدم المضارع التام إذا وجدنا الجملة بمـا يلـي - It’s/This is the first (second…) time... - It’s the first time I have been to this place. - It’s (This) is the only… - This is the only play I have seen. - In the last few years / months……. - Egypt has changed a lot in the last few years. - In recent years - It has not rained in the Western Desert in recent years. - Over the ages / over the years…. - The earth has become more crowded over the ages. اعتاد أن Used to + inf. ? نستخدم مصدر used to + للتعبير عن التناقض بين العادات أو المواقف فى الماضى و الحاضر. - He used to swim everyday. He doesn't do this now. - He used to smoke, but now he doesn't. ?في حالة النفى نستخدم: مصدر didn't use + - I didn’t use to play computer games, but now I do. ?في حالة السؤال نستخدم: مصدر use to + فاعل did + - Did you use to walk to school? - Where did you use to live? ? تستخدم no longer بدلا من used to ويأتي بعدها الفعل في زمن الضارع البسيط - He used to smoke. = He no longer smokes. ? تستخدمany more / any longer بدلا من used to مع نفى الفعل في المضارع البسيط و تأتى في نهاية الجملة - He used to smoke. = He doesn't smoke any more. الماضي البسيطThe past simple tense 1 – يعبر الماضي البسيط عن حدث انتهى في الماضي I studied French when I was in secondary school. 2- يعبر عن عادة في الماضي Aya used to play tennis, when she was young. 3 – وصف أحداث في سرد قصة Ali found a bag,then he went to the police station. 4 – في الحاله الثانية من اسلوب الشرط (If) If he helped us, we would win. 5 – يستخدم مع التعبيرا ت الآتية ويعتبر ماضي غير حقيقي يعبر عن المفترض و ليس الواقع: 1- I wish + subj. فاعل + ماضي بسيط - I wish mum wasn't ill. - I wish the Egyptian team played well. 2- It's time + subj. فاعل + ماضي بسيط - It's time he paid the bill. – It is time father arrived. 2- I 'd rather + subj. فاعل + ماضي بسيط -I would rather she helped him. – I'd rather Ali didn't come. 6 – يستخدم الماضي البسيط مع التعبيرات الآتية Yesterday – ago – last – once – in the past.....etc. - Last week, I went to Alexandria. - Two months ago, we flew to London. الماضي المستمرThe Past Continuous Tense - تتكون جملة الماضي المستمر المبني للمعلوم من Form: was / were + V. ing……….. - Ali (he) was reading a story.- Aya and Heba (They) were cooking lunch. Uses: - للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمر أثناء وقت معين في الماضي -Between six and half past six this morning, I was having breakfast. .- للتعبير عن حدث مستمر في الماضي قطعه حدث آخر - I was having a shower when the phone rang - يأتي في سياق قصة أو موقف في الماضي - I was studying Chemistry when I met Jane. - He was doing research when they arrested him. - يستخدم الماضي المستمر مع كلمات مثل)(While / when / As / Just as للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا في الماضي قطعه حدث آخر (While / when / As / Just as) + past con., past simple - I was having a shower when the phone rang. - It started to rain as we were doing the homework. - While she was walking in the street, she met one of her old friends. - لاحظ أن when يمكن أن يأتي بعدها ماضي بسيط: - We were doing the homework when it started to rain. -يمكن أن يكون الحدثين مع when في الماضي البسيط اذا كانا متتابعين و لم يقطع احدهما الآخر: - When he arrived, he found the door locked. - يمكن استخدام On بدلا من when و يأتي يعدها: V. ing = On arriving, he found the door locked. - يستخدم الماضي المستمر غالبا مع كلمات مثل) (While / when / As / Just as للتعبير عن حدثين كانا مستمرين في نفس الوقت في الماضي: (While / when / As / Just as) + past con., past con. -While I was studying, my father was reading. – اذا لم ياتي بعد while فاعل ياتي بعدها (v.ing) - While playing, I fell down. - يمكن استخدام during بدلا من while و يأتي يعدها noun: -While he was playing the game, he got hurt. - During the game, he got hurt. = He got hurt during the game. - الفعل بعد and يأخذ نفس شكل الفعل الذي يسبقها: - He was writing a letter and listening to some music. - لاحظ عدم استخدام ((beفي الماضي المستمر: - While I was at school, I felt a headache. الماضي التامThe past perfect tense Form:Subj. الفاعل + had + P.P. ……………….. - I had studied English before I travelled to New York. Uses: – يعبر الماضي التام عن حدث وقع قبل حدث آخر في الماضي - I had cleaned my room before I went to the club. - يعبر الماضي التام عن حدث وقع قبل وقت معين في الماضي - Mustafa had done all his homework before midnight. - كما يستخدم الماضي التام للتعبير عما قاله الشخص أواعتقده في صيغة الغير مباشر - He told me that they had already paid the bill. - He said that he believed that Ali had moved to Luxor ملاحظات عامة علي الماضي التام After/ Immediately after / As soon as / Once / moment / When + ماضي تام +, + ماضي بسيط - After she had done the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home. - He told me as soon as he had heard the news. = He told me immediately after he had heard the news. After / Immediately after / Immediately on/ Just on + n. / v.ing +, + ماضي بسيط - After doing the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home. = Just on doing the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home. - He told me Immediately on hearing the news. = He told me immediately after hearing the news. Having + p.p. ……. +, + ماضى بسـيـط - Having done the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home. - Having heard the news, he told me. - Before / by the time / When +, + ماضي بسيط +, ماضي تام - Before she stopped a taxi to take her home,she had done the shopping. = He had heard the newsby the timehe told me. - Before + n. / v.ing +, + ماضي بسيط / ماضي تام - Before stopping a taxi to take her home,she had done the shopping. - Before stopping a taxi to take her home,she did the shopping. After / As soon as / The moment / When / Before / By the time +ماضي تام +, +ماضي بسيط - After she did the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home. - He told me as soon a s he heard the news. - Before she stopped a taxi to take her home,she did the shopping. - When + ماضي بسيط + ماضي تام - When I arrived at the station, the train had left. - When + ماضي تام + ماضي بسيط - When I had arrived at the station, the train left. : The moment + ماضي تام + ماضي بسيط -The moment I had arrived at the station, the train left. : On + n. اسـم/ v.ing + ماضى بسيــط -On my arrival at the station, the train left. - When + ماضي بسيط + ماضي بسيط - When I arrived, the train left. ماضي بسيط (منفي غالبا) + till / until + ماضي تام - I didn't go to school till/until I had had my breakfast. -They didn't start the game until I had arrived. ماضي بسيط (منفي غالبا) + till / until + (n.اسـم) / (v. ing) - I didn't go to school till/until having my breakfast. - They didn't start the game until my arrival. لاحظ انه مع الروابط الزمنية السابقة يأتي الحدث الذي وقع اولا (ماضي تام) والحدث الذي وقع بعده يكون (ماضي بسيط) - - First I switched on the light, and then he entered the room. : After I had switched on the light, he entered the room. : He didn't enter the room until/ till I had switched on the light. لاحظ ايضا استخدام الماضي التام و الماضي البسيط في التعبيرات التالية: - It was only when + ماضي تام + (that) + ماضي بسيط ……... = It wasn't until + ماضي تام (that) + ماضي بسيط ……... - It was only when I had switched on the light that he entered the room. : It wasn't until I had switched on the light that he entered the room. – يأتي الماضي التام والماضي البسيط مع التعبيرات الآتية ومعناها (لم يكد........حتى........) - Subj. + had + no sooner+ P.P. ………. + Than+ ماضي بسيط. - She had no sooner left than her friends arrived. - Subj. + had + hardly + P.P. ………. + when+ ماضي بسيط - She had hardly left when her friends arrived. - Subj. + had + hardly + P.P. ………. + when + ماضي بسيط - She had scarcely left when her friends arrived. لاحظ عندما تاتي هذه الروابط في اول الجملة فيجب أن يأتي بعدها فعــل مســــــــــــــــــاعد:- - No sooner + had + Subj. + P.P. ………. + Than+ ماضي بسيط - No sooner had she left than her friends arrived. - Hardly had she left when her friends arrived. - Scarcely had she left when her friends arrived. UNIT 4 WRITERS AND STORIES (workbook) 1. Match to make phrases using the new words 1– 6. a send an e-mail 1 routine b enter a 2 attachment c have a 3 a publisher d work for 4 old-fashioned e look 5 midday f have lunch at 6 competition   ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ ВО ВЗРОСЛОЙ ЖИЗНИ? Если вы все еще «неправильно» связаны с матерью, вы избегаете отделения и независимого взрослого существования...  ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ, КОГДА МЫ ССОРИМСЯ Не понимая различий, существующих между мужчинами и женщинами, очень легко довести дело до ссоры...  ЧТО И КАК ПИСАЛИ О МОДЕ В ЖУРНАЛАХ НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА Первый номер журнала «Аполлон» за 1909 г. начинался, по сути, с программного заявления редакции журнала...  ЧТО ТАКОЕ УВЕРЕННОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ В МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ? Исторически существует три основных модели различий, существующих между... Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте:
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