Read the text and translate the text.

Negotiable Instruments are contracts in writing. They are transferable by endorsement or by delivery. In order to be negotiable, an instrument must meet several qualifications: it must be in writing; it must contain an unconditional promise to pay a certain sum in money, on demand or at a fixed and determinable future time; it must be made payable to bearer or order; and it must be signed by the maker of a promissory note or the drawer of a bill of exchange.

Whereas negotiable instruments embody a claim for the payment of money, documents of title embody claims to goods. The most common documents are the bill of lading and the warehouse receipt. A bill of lading is a receipt for goods delivered for transportation by a ship. On receiving the goods alongside or on board, a dock or mate's receipt is issued. Then it is turned in for the bill of lading proper. The bill of lading may certify receipt of the goods either on board the ship ("shipped on board") or alongside ("received for shipment"). This latter form of bill of lading is less valuable since it does not prove the fact and date of loading. Apart from proving receipt of the goods to be shipped, the bill of lading incorporates the terms of the contract concluded between the carrier and the consignor for the transportation of the goods to the port of destination. The warehouse receipt is a document that shares the essential traits of a bill of lading. But the duty to transport the goods is replaced by an obligation to store them. This receipt also embodies the claim for delivery of the goods and may, (if made out to order) be transferred by endorsement and delivery.

Draft (finance) is written order for the payment of money. It is drawn by one person, directing a second person or financial institution to pay a

third person. A draft is called a check when it is drawn on a bank. When money is transferred between institutions in different countries, a draft is called a bill of exchange. Whereas bills of exchange are always negotiable, drafts may be nonnegotiable. A draft is payable on sight or on demand; however, in some transactions drafts are often payable at a stated date in the future.

The consignee (the person to whom the goods are being shipped) may, by virtue of the bill of lading, demand delivery of the transported goods at the port of destination. In the simplest case the consignor sends the bill of lading by airmail to the consignee so that the latter may claim the goods on the arrival of the ship. The carrier may only deliver the goods to a person holding a duly negotiated bill of lading.

A bill of lading and the claim it represents may be transferred to another person by endorsement and delivery of the document.

If made out to bearer (which happens rarely), the bill may even be transferred by mere delivery. By such transfer all the rights and obligations embodied in the document are transferred to the new holder. The latter is entitled to demand delivery of the goods unless the carrier proves that the holder knew or through gross negligence was unaware of the transferor's lack of title to the bill. In contrast with the rules on negotiable instruments, an endorsement of a bill of lading does not make the endorser liable for any default of the carrier or previous endorsers. The bill represents the goods, and transfer of the bill is, therefore, equivalent to delivery of the goods to thetransferee. It depends on the intention of the parties whether ownership in the goods or merely a security interest in them is to be transferred. A security interest is typically acquired by a bank, which gives credit on the security of the shipped goods. The above rules on bills of lading, though not formally unified, are essentially the same in all the seafaring nations. Most of them apply also to bills of lading issued in river navigation.

1. Образуйте Participle I от следующих глаголов перепишите и переведите на русский язык.

I. The Hague Rules signed at the Brussels Convention in 1924 govern liability for loss or damage to cargo carried by sea under a bill of lading, and state that the carrier will not be responsible under the following conditions:

Force majeure, i.e. exceptional dangers such as storms, abnormal disturbances, or unusual hazards;

Negligence, i.e. when the goods have not been properly packed, or were in a bad condition when packed;

Inherent vice, i.e. when goods are subject to deterioration because of their content or nature. For example, fish can go bad, wood can carry insects, metal can oxidize.

2. The Hamburg Rules of 1978 have extended the shipping companies' liability for damage or delay to goods their charge' unless they can prove they took all measures to avoid problems. To be safe, the most companies insure their consignments under all risk cover, which protects them against most contingencies, but special "war insurance' is necessary for particularly dangerous zones.

5. Найдите в тексте причастия, определите их форму и функцию
в предложении.

Система охраняемых территорий в США Изучение особо охраняемых природных территорий(ООПТ) США представляет особый интерес по многим причинам...

ЧТО ТАКОЕ УВЕРЕННОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ В МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ? Исторически существует три основных модели различий, существующих между...

Конфликты в семейной жизни. Как это изменить? Редкий брак и взаимоотношения существуют без конфликтов и напряженности. Через это проходят все...

ЧТО И КАК ПИСАЛИ О МОДЕ В ЖУРНАЛАХ НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА Первый номер журнала «Аполлон» за 1909 г. начинался, по сути, с программного заявления редакции журнала...

Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте: