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The Future of the Engineering Profession
Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for generating, storing and handling the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with. Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles. Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine how machines can be operated most efficiently by workers. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering. A related field of engineering, human-factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, received wide attention in the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nuclear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures, and malfunctioning equipment. Human-factors engineering seeks to establish criteria for the efficient, human-centred design of, among other things, the large, complicated control panels that monitor and govern nuclear reactor operations.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the following active words and word combinations. Various recent trends; modern engineering offices; solving complex problems; enormous volume of data; scientific methods of engineering; systems engineering principles; greatly increased production; time-study engineering; human-factors engineering; serious accidents; malfunctioning equipment; human-centred design; complicated control panels; nuclear reactor operations.
Exercise 7. Translate into English. Широко распространенное направление; производство и строительство; обработка и хранение данных; безопасность эксплуатации ядерных реакторов; огромное количество информации; современные инженеры; в разных областях; мышечные движения; оценка человеческого фактора; отказ из-за ошибки проектирования; следить и регулировать; панели управления.
Exercise 8. Use appropriate expressions from the last exercises to answer the following questions. 1) What is the most widespread trend in the engineering profession? 2) What are computers used for in modern engineering? 3) What approaches are used in modern engineering? 4) What is “ergonomics”? 5) What does human-factors engineering deal with?
Exercise 9. Look at these pairs of examples and decide where there is an “important” change in meaning. 1) a) I remember shutting down the computer before I left the room. b) Please, remember to buy a new disk. 2) a) They stopped to look at the machine operation. b) They stopped looking at the machine operation. 3) a) I like studying the English language, b) I like to study physics in the evenings. 4) a) It has started to rain. b) It has started raining. 5) a) He needs to work harder. b) This machine tool needs repairing. Exercise 10. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tense form. 1) The engineers (go) away five minutes ago. 2) He usually (finish) his work in time. 3) They (work) abroad next year. 4) The representatives of that company (come) last week. 5) As a rule it (take) him an hour to shape a workpiece. 6) Machine tools usually (work) materials mechanically. 7) When he (work) there he (design) of more than 100 military aircrafts. 8) What you (do) in the morning tomorrow? 9) Time-study engineer (visit) our repair shop regularly last month. 10) Modern machines (be) often under numerical control. 11) I (wait) for you until you (read) an article.
Exercise 11. Read the passage below and complete it with the verbs from the list below. Put the verbs into the correct tense form.
Be (2), to be related to, try, involve, become
Computer engineering … now the most rapidly growing field. The electronics of computers …… engineers in design and manufacture of memory systems, of central processing units, and of peripheral devices. The field of computer science … closely ….... computer engineering; however, the task of making computers more «intelligent» (artificial intelligence). Microminiaturization ….one of the current trends in computer engineering. During many years engineers …. to place greater and greater numbers of circuit elements onto smaller and smaller chips. Another trend … towards increasing the speed of computer operations through the use of parallel processors and superconducting materials. Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English using active vocabulary of the lesson. 1) Среди разных современных направлений в инженерии компьютеризация занимает не самое последнее место. 2) Невозможно представить современную промышленность без компьютеров, которые помогают хранить и обрабатывать всю необходимую информацию. 3) Научные методы работы применяются в разных сферах производства. 4) Инженер следит за тем, чтобы станок работал более эффективно, что способствует значительному повышению производительности труда. 5) Ошибки оператора, недочеты в проектировании, неисправность оборудования привели к тому, что были нарушены правила безопасности эксплуатации ядерных реакторов.
Exercise 13. Speak on. Engineering profession has the future, doesn’t it?
Unit 4 Metals and Metalworking Exercise 1. Translate the words with prefix non- having negative meaning.
Nonatomic, noncontrolled, nonmilitary, nonnuclear, nonstandard, nonturbulent
Note: some words with prefix non- are hyphenated: Conductor — (проводник теплоты, электричества); non-conductor (непроводник) essential — (существенный); non-essential (несущественный) ferrous — (содержащий железо, черный о металле); non-ferrous (не содержащий железо; цветной)
Exercise 2. Translate the following words and define their parts of speech (noun, adjective, and verb). Deep, darkness, wide, width, broaden, depth, long, height, weakness, darken, high, strengthen, broad, deepen, weak, length, widen; breadth strong, lengthen, heighten, strength, short, weaken, shortness, dark, shorten.
Exercise 3. Match the words and expressions on the left with those on the right. 1) to divide a) станки 2) ferrous metals b) свойства, качества 3) non-ferrous metals c) черные металлы 4) alloys d) плавкий 5) machine tools e) по характерному металлическому блеску 6) machinery f) относиться 7) to include g) цветные металлы 8) to refer tо h) машины 9) properties i) включать 10) by their specific metallic lustre j) сплавы (металлов) 11) fusible k) делить, разделять(ся)
Exercise 4. Learn the metals and match them with the explanations below. Translate the sentences. If necessary look at the Vocabulary.
Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), zink (Zn), mercury (Hg)
1) Is of reddish colour and has corrosion resistant qualities. Also is the best conductor of electricity. 2) A silvery metal which is not corroded by air. It is used for making tin plate. 3) A very expensive metal. A grey malleable metal used for roofing and battery plates, pipes. 4) Its color is yellow when hot and white when cold. It is used for making dry batteries. 5) Malleable ductile silvery-white metal. It is widely used for structural and engineering purposes. 6) The best known light metal. It does not rust in the air. It is soft and that is why it is used only when alloyed with other metals. 7) A heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, etc.
Exercise 5. Read the text and see if there are any facts about metals you did not know before.
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