Write out of the text the sentences with the Gerund, comment on their forms and functions. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1.3. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in each of the following sentences:

1. You shouldn’t rely on (him/his) calling you in the morning.

2. They don’t approve of (us/our) leaving early.

3. We understand (their/them) having to accept this proposal.

4. Sam denies (George/ George’s) losing the papers.

5. He objected to (the defense attorney/the defense attorney’s) calling the extra witness.

6. They are looking forward to (our/ours) visiting them.

7. Susan regrets (John’s/ John) being in trouble.

8. I count on (your/you) being able to stay longer.

9. She wasn’t interested in (his/himself) leaving the city now.

10. We don’t mind (theirs/their) coming next year.

11. My parents resented (mine/my) choosing this profession.

12. The students resisted (the teacher’s/ the teacher) not announcing the exam sooner.

13. Henry wasn’t accustomed to (my/me) calling at this hour.

14. Mike appreciated (her/hers) buying a new dress.

1.4. Translate into English:

1. Існують чотири основних типи бетонних гребель: гравітаційні, аркові, арково-гравітаційні та контрфорсні греблі.

2. Бетонна гравітаційна гребля – це споруда, спроектована таким чином, що її власна вага спроможна чинити опір силам, які діють на неї. Якщо міцну бетонну греблю спорудити на адекватній основі, то така гребля буде довгочасною будівлею, яка не потребуватиме пильного догляду.

3. Отже, гравітаційні греблі будують на місцевості з досить міцною скельною основою, хоча невисокі греблі можна зводити на алювіальній основі при наявності надійних зачіпок.

4. На початку минулого століття будівельним матеріалом при спорудженні гравітаційних гребель слугував камінь, що вимагало величезних витрат фізичної праці. У сучасних умовах при зведенні гравітаційних гребель застосовують виключно бетон.

5. Залежно від проекту, гравітаційна гребля може бути або прямолінійною, або вигнутою. Греблі з вигнутою формою мають певні переваги як з погляду вартості, так і безпеки їх експлуатації.

II. READING EXERCISES

2.1. Practise reading of the following pairs of words paying attention to the formation of the Indefinite Gerund Active:

to classify – classifying, to depend – depending, to comprise – comprising, to consider – considering, to design – designing, to base – basing, to recognize – recognizing, to involve – involving, to utilize – utilizing, to process – processing, to require – requiring, to found – founding, to damage – damaging, to destroy – destroying, to erode – eroding, to flow – flowing, to cut – cutting, to seep – seeping, to undermine – undermining, to wash– washing, to construct – constructing, to slip – slipping.

2.2. Practise reading of the following words and word-combinations from the text:

different categories, hydraulic design, earthfill, utilization, minimum of processing, foundation requirements, stringent, supplementary structures, sufficient, serious damage, failure, embankment, upstream part, impervious surface, component, membrane, rubble masonry, loose rockfill, concrete slab, adequate capacity, compact gravel, defect, remote locations.

2.3. Read aloud and give Ukrainian equivalents of the following international words:

classification, material, structure, basic, type, utilization, natural, category, economical, special, construction, adaptation, section, asphaltic, compact, result, composition, steel, interior, subject, foundation, gravity, arch, proportion, solid, permanent, modernization, plan, operation, reason, cylinder, theory, engineer, topography, horizontal, analysis, complex, series, vertical, fixation.

2.4. Memorize the spelling, pronunciation and translation of the following words:

Read the text.

1. On the basis of word-building chains with the stems “base” and “structure” try to define:

– the most common classification of different categories of dams;

– whether there is any information concerning the main structural components of the rockfill dams in the text and state the paragraphs it is in.

2.6. Translate the text into Ukrainian:

TEXT A.

1. Dams may be classified into a number of different categories depending upon the purpose of the classification. It is convenient to consider 3 broad classifications: according to materials comprising the structure, use and hydraulic design.

2. The most common way of classifying the dams is based upon choosing the materials comprising the structure. This classification also usually recognizes the basic type of design such as, for example, concrete gravity dam or concrete arch dam.

3. In discussing the diversity of dams, the specialists point out that earthfill dams are the most widespread among them, principally because their construction involves utilization of materials in the natural state requiring a minimum of processing. Moreover, the foundation requirements for earthfill dams are less stringent than for constructing other types.

4. The classification of earthfill dams includes several types-semi-hydraulic-fill, hydraulic-fill and rolled-fill types – the latter being most economical.

5. Earthfill dams require supplementary structures to serve as spillways. The principal disadvantage of an earthfill dam is that its damaging or even destroying may be possible under the erosive action of water flowing over it if sufficient spillway capacity is not provided. It is also subject to undergoing serious damage or even failure due to animals’ burrowing unless being taken special precautions.

6. It is important to find a way of eliminating the possibility of ruining the dam. To be safe, an earth dam must satisfy four basic requirements: it must not be overtopped by flooding which most certainly cut right through it, seepage under the dam must not be allowed to undermine it, seepage through the embankment must not wash it away and the slopes of the embankment must be so constructed that they will not slip.

7. The rockfill dam has two basic structural components – an impervious membrane and an embankment which supports the membrane. The embankment usually consists of an upstream section of dry rubble masonry and a downstream section of loose rockfill.

8. The impervious membrane is most commonly constructed of concrete: a concrete slab, asphaltic concrete paving or steel plates; or it may be an interior thin core of impervious soil.

9. Like the earth embankments, the rockfill dam is subject to damaging or destructing by water overflowing and so must be provided with a spillway of adequate capacity to prevent overflowing of the dam. The only suitable foundation for rockfill dams are rock or compact sand and gravel.

10. Rockfill dams have enjoyed a fine safety record and up to 2008 none had failed as a result of any structural defects.

11. In addition to improving existing construction technologies, a research is being conducted in Ukraine and abroad for developing fundamentally different types of dams.

III. VOCABULARY STUDY

3.1. Translate into Ukrainian the following words with common stem and word-combinations:

– design (n), design (v), hydraulic design, basic type of design, designable, designed, designedly, designer, designful, designing;

– eliminate, elimination of the possibility of ruining the dam, eliminant, eliminable, eliminative, eliminator, eliminatory;

– found (n), found (v), suitable foundation, to be founded on alluvial foundations, founder, foundation-member, foundation-stone, foundational, foundering, founderous road, foundress, foundry;

– materialize, materials composing the structure, raw materials, materialism, materialist, materialistical, materiality, materially, materialization, materia medica;

– pave (n), pave (v), asphaltic concrete paving, paved, pavage, pavement, pavement-breaker, paver, paving-tile, paviour, paving-stone;

– stream (n), stream (v), upstream section, downstream base, overflowing stream, streaming, stream-ice, streamer, streamless, streamlet, stream-line, streamy, streamliner.

3.2. Match the words from the left-hand column to the corresponding translation from the right-hand column:

3.3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

hydraulic design, rockfill dam, utilization of materials, natural state, minimum of processing, semi-hydraulic-fill dam, embankment, erosive action of water, to be subject to, burrowing of animals, special precautions, to eliminate the possibility, earth dam, to undermine the dam, structural components, to support the membrane, upstream section, concrete slab, steel plates, interior thin core.

3.4. Find in the text and write down English equivalents of the following words:

намивна гребля, додаткова споруда, низовий відкіс, показник надійності, забезпечити водозливні споруди достатньої ємкості, водостійкий ґрунт, гірська порода, перевага, найбільш поширений тип греблі, обов’язкова вимога, достатнє постачання якісного каменю, занадто коштовний, запобігати переливанню води через край, бути надійним, земляна вкатана гребля, проводити дослідження, гравій, щільно укладений пісок.

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