I. Word Building in Scientific Texts

1.1. Study the Table of word-building means given in the Supplement:

1.2. Form words with opposite meaning by adding prefixes un-, dis-, in-, ir-, il- to the proper words:

Find in Text A and Text B the words formed according to the above-given models.

1.5. Form:

a) nouns corresponding to the following verbs:

to develop, to use, to grow, to involve, to manage.

b) verbs corresponding to the following nouns:

definition, movement, communication.

c) adjectives corresponding to the following nouns:

structure, industry, nation.

1.6. Define the part of speech and translate the following words. State according to what model they are formed:

selection, development, supply, available, possibility, gravity, sanitary, control, catchment, pump, channelize, unnecessary, careful, preliminary, availability, alternative, alternatives, economical, safer, unsuitable, obvious, search, vegetation, generally, investigation, industrial, commercial, consumption, watercourse, potable, main, mains, borehole, treatment, chlorination, usually, flow, virtually, discharge, emission, wastewater.

1.7. Translate the following words with common stem:

1. to consume, consumer, consumption, consummation.

2. to supply, supply, supplies, supplier.

3. sewer, sewage, sewerage.

4. to treat, treatment, treated.

5. to select, selection, selective, selector.

6. industry, industrial, industrialize, industrially.

7. commerce, commercial, commercialize.

8. local, locality, localize, locally, locate, location.

9. to drink, drink, drinkable, drinker.

10. to abstract, abstract, abstractedly, abstractedness, abstraction.

11. direct, to direct, direction, directly, director.

12. ground, underground, to ground, groundless, groundwater, groundwork.

13. available, availability, unavailable.

14. ion, ionize, ionization, deionization.

15. to generate, generation, generative, generator.

16. to manufacture, manufactory, manufacture, manufacturer, manufacturing.

17. to emit, emission, emissive, emitter.

18. form, to form, formation, formal, formalism, formalist, formality, formalize, formless.

19. to waste, wastes, wastewater, wasteland, wasteful.

20. to suit, suit, suitable, suitability, unsuitable, suitcase.

21. pump, to pump, pumping (station).

22. to develop, development, developing, developer.

23. to investigate, investigation, investigator.

24. to advise, advice, adviser, advisable.

25. to survey, survey.

TEXTS

II. READING EXERCISES

2.1. Read aloud and give Ukrainian equivalents of the following international words:

industry, commerce, local, company, canal, process, deionization, chlorination, sterilization, generate, office, manufacture, atmosphere, product, to form, total, typical, cycle, system, adequate, geological potential, factor, chief, sanitary, control, gravity, pump, distance, information, start, alternative, economical, emission, operation.

2.2. Read word-combinations with the word “water” and translate them into Ukrainian:

2.3. Practise reading of the following words and word-combinations from the text:

water supply, considerable quantities of water, local water company, through the mains, potable water, fit to drink, underground aquifer, depending on availability, for a particular purpose, may require treatment, treatment processes, water disposal, direct discharge, via the sewer, sewage treatment works, emissions to the atmosphere, total consumption, wastewater, on-site, sewerage system, pH adjustment.

2.4. Memorize the spelling, pronunciation and translation of the following words and word-combinations:

Read and translate the following text. Suggest the title for it.

TEXT A.

Water supply.

Industry and commerce consume considerable quantities of water each year.

This water is obtained in two ways:

■ supplied by the local water company through the mains water system as potable water, i.e. water that is fit to drink;

■ abstracted directly from rivers or boreholes sunk into an underground aquifer.

A particular site may use water from several sources, e.g. from the mains, a river, a borehole, a canal, etc, depending on availability, quality and cost. Before it can be used for a particular purpose, the water may require treatment. Treatment processes include solids removal, pH adjustment, deionisation, chlorination, deaeration, sterilization, etc. These treatment processes usually generate their own wastewater flows.

Water disposal.

Virtually all of the water supplied to a site, factory or office is returned to a river or the sea by:

■ direct discharge;

■ via the sewer and the local sewage treatment works.

Some of the water entering a manufacturing site leaves that site either as emissions to the atmosphere (e.g. due to drying operations) or in the site's products (e.g. in the food and drink industry). However, these amounts of water generally form a small part of total consumption.

Wastewater may need to be treated on-site before being discharged either to a watercourse or to the sewerage system.

Fig 2 shows a typical cycle for water taken from a river by industry and commerce.

Fig. 2. Generalized flow of water to industry or commerce.

Typical uses.

Water is used for different purposes depending on the nature of the business and the processes carried out. Table 1 lists some typical uses, together with the normal source of water for each category.

Table 1.

Typical uses of water.

III. VOCABULARY STUDY

3.1. Match the words from the left-hand column to the corresponding translation from the right -hand column:

3.2. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

water disposal, a manufacturing site, sewage, via, on-site, emissions, drying operations, food and drink industry, total consumption, to discharge, deaeration, aquifer, i.e., sunk into, purification, availability, cost, to generate, to return, either … or …, watercourse, water company, adjustment, to obtain, etc., solids.

3.3. Find in the text and write down English equivalents of the following words:

водопостачання, каналізаційна труба, водоочисна станція, стічні води, каналізаційна система, процес очистки, хлорування, атмосферні викиди, промисловість, деіонізація, стерилізація, водовідведення, свердловина, повертатися,зважений шар осаду.

3.4. Arrange the words in pairs according to:

1. similar meaning

2. opposite meaning.

water outlet, amount, to enter, sewage, through, to leave, gravity, via, due to, e.g., purification, considerable, to abstract, potable water, several, stream, to supply, pollution, wastewater, thanks to, water in take, for example, treatment, large, to obtain, drinking water, some, watercourse, to dispose.

3.5. Make up sentences with the following words given in a jumbled order:

1. great amounts, industry, of, water, needs.

2. filtration, there are, methods, chlorination, removal, various, of, among them, treatment, water, pH, deaeration, adjustment.

3. cycle, water, a 12-day, river, has, replacement.

4. the, ten, on the average, renewed, is, moisture, atmospheric, every, days.

5. ground water, available to man, there are, of water, four, surface water, atmospheric water, sources, and, oceans.

3.6. Translate into English:

1. Перша система водопостачання була побудована у 3000 р. до н.е.

2. Питна вода постачається черех магістральний водопровід.

3. Воду можна забирати безпосередньо з річок чи свердловин.

4. Перед вживанням воду потрібно очистити.

5. Водовідведення може здійснюватися через прямий скид води (наприклад, в річку) або ж через колектор та водоочисні станції.

6. Перед тим, як скидати стічні води в річку, їх потрібно очистити.

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