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TEXT 12 ENERGY AND OUR LIVESTwo of the main areas to be examined in relating energy to people’s lives are: the «energy crisis», and pollution and care of the environment. Will there be enough fuel for the future?World energy demand has been growing steadily for the past 50 years and this trend shows no sign of being reversed. It is hard to say what the demand for energy will be by the early 2050’s, but reserve figures for the fossil fuel of coal, gas and oil must be a cause for concern. While coal will last 226 years at present rates of use, gas will last only The limited life of fossil fuel is one of the reasons for growing interest in other fuel sources. The only non-fossil fuels which seem to give the immediate prospect of a major contribution to world energy are uranium and plutonium in the nuclear industry and water in hydro-electric schemes. Hydroelectricity suffers from a reliance on the right geographic conditions being available. Following accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, many people have concerns about increasing reliance on nuclear power. Nuclear fusion offers exciting possibilities for the future if the enormous technological problems can be overcome. Though solar, wave and wind power might make a contribution to energy needs in certain parts of the world, the chances of them making a significant world wide impact seem unlikely. TEXT 13 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF UKRAINE: 1. Natural resources are a key element to each country’s national wealth both in terms of ecological and genetic, sociological, economic, medical, ethical, aesthetic, cultural relationships. The efficient use of natural resources and protection of the environment is an objective prerequisite for developing a national economy. 2. During a significant period of time the Ukrainian economy used to form in a centralized manner with a number of shocking structural disproportions. The former inefficient economic system has led to the non-rational use of resources and unreasonable consumption of energy, has ignored the value of natural resources, stressed exclusively a quantitative constituent of manufacturing process, provided no true motives for sustainable use and protection of the environment and natural resources. The consequences have not retarded: the industrial impact on the Ukrainian territory exceeds 6–7 times the average European level, the percentage of arable land is 8 % out of all territory being in agricultural use and 57 % as opposed to the overall Ukrainian dry land water is consumed at many enterprises 2–5 (and sometimes even 10–13 times more than up-to-date techniques would require). 3. Environmental consequences of the Ukrainian economy caused by such a policy are proved to be tragic. 4. The Ukraine’s independent statehood, development of an open democratic society and market-oriented economy have allowed a disclosure of all the depth of the environmental crisis and provided a unique chance to choose a normal civilized way of developing our state. 5. Quite an important part to the ecological and economic mechanism became payments for natural resources use. For the first time in Ukraine payments for the use of land, recreational, forest resources, of fresh water, of the animal kingdom, for the special use of depths while extracting minerals have been put into effect; a number of other documents regarding the introduction of other resource payments is being prepared. 6. For significant environmental problems to be overcome, a number of ecological programmes for the most endangered regions – Donetsk-Prydniprovsky, Azov-Black Sea, Polyssya – have been developing and implementing in Ukraine since 1993. 7. First-term measures are included into draft plans for social and economic regions’ development. Over the all territory of Polyssya the reclaiming of marshes, drainage of forests and lands located at river sources are known to be prohibited. 8. We know the environmental status of the Dnipro river, containing approximately 80 % of all water resources of Ukraine and providing water to 9. A National Programme for environmental rehabilitation of the Dnipro basin and improving the quality of drinking water has been drawn up. 10. Another constituent part of paramount importance to an environmental policy is preservation of biological and landscape diversity being a key element that provides for an eventual possibility for any successful nature use. In this field the relevant activity focuses on the following 3 directions: – to promote strongly the development of natural reserves in accordance with so called «multifunctional principles» of nature use; – to work out a national strategy for conservation of biological and landscape diversity by virtue of reasonably balanced and saving use and through the implementation of the said strategy by branch ministries and agencies; – to enhance the role and possibility of the general public in taking managerial decisions, in putting in place a system for environmental education and awareness. 11. The strategy for establishing a State System for regulation of environmental security consists is putting in place such a system that would enable not only responses to abnormal events, but also efficient preventive measures and monitoring to prevent eventual pollutions of the environment. 12. A separate burden on the Ukrainian environment is known to be industrial complexes employing out-of-date techniques. Another aggravating factor is tremendous amount of industrial and toxic wastes that have been accumulating for a dozen of years. 13. A Centre for environmental monitoring and nuclear safety is about to become operational, systems for radiation monitoring and early warning, that ensure surveillance over 30-kilometre zone around the Zaporizhye and Rivne nuclear power plants. 14. 1.450–1.950 millions of cubic tons of wastes are generated annually in Ukraine. Their overall volume amounts to 25000 of tons of cubic meters, the areas holding this amount of wastes equal 160000 hectares. Over 100 millions of tons of toxic wastes are generated in Ukraine annually. 15. According to decisions taken by the Parliament of Ukraine today since April 1, 1994 import and transit of wastes through the territory of Ukraine are subject to control. For this period of time none case of illicit waste importation has been registered. The development of an analytical information system regulating waste related issues is underway. 16. Following the presidential decree of December 15, 1994 a Ministry for Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety was established in order to upgrade protection of the environment, use of atomic energy, of radiation techniques and substances. The implementation of the State system for atomic energy use regulation is regulated by the Laws of Ukraine «On atomic energy utilization and radiation safety» and «On radioactive waste management». The Parliament of Ukraine has been submitted a draft Law «On radiological security of the general public». 17. Presently, 15 nuclear facilities at the Ukrainian nuclear power plants (total capacity 13880 millions of kilowatts) are in operation. In accordance with the adopted Law «On atomic energy utilization and radiation safety» the Ukrainian utilities have to be issued permanent operating licenses on the basis of safety cases for operating power units. A number of regulations regarding the content of safety analysis reports were drawn up in the year of 1995. 18. There are 6 Ukrainian principal radioactive waste disposal facilities that are operated on the basis of a number of specialized State installations called «Radon». 19. Quite an important task remains management of the radioactive waste resulted by the Chernobyl disaster. A bigger pan of the wastes is disposed in temporary «storages» that do not comply with the requirements of the relevant regulations in force. 20. Presently Ukraine is a Party to 13 environmental conventions of global and regional significance and protocols to them. Another 11 international conventions whose accession is regarded as a top priority are being prepared to signing or ratification. The Ministry for Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine cooperates with other countries in the framework of 21. Over 20 international short- and longterm environmental programmes and projects for approximately 14 million of US dollars are either under development or underway. 22. There are no domestic environmental problems. Resolving these of the Polyssya region Ukraine fosters the regeneration of the European green lungs. Sanitizing the water bodies in the Azov-Black Sea basin, undertaking strong efforts aimed at the environmental rehabilitation of the Dnipro-river and its basin, we contribute to the decrease of both regional and global problems. Ecologically safe and sound, economically stable and democratic Ukraine is not only a dream of our nation but also a non-detachable future part of Europe and world community.   ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ, КОГДА МЫ ССОРИМСЯ Не понимая различий, существующих между мужчинами и женщинами, очень легко довести дело до ссоры...  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