VII. Answer the following questions:

1. What is soil pollution?

2. What does healthy soil depend on?

3. What human activities can damage soil?

4. What is industrial waste?

5. What is known as spoil?

6. In what way disposal methods damage the environment?

7. Are different pesticides harmful to our environment, soil in particular? Why?

8. What are scientists and farmers doing to reduce soil pollution by pesticides and fertilizers?

VIII. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Забруднення ґрунту – це руйнування тонкого шару родючої землі, на якій вирощують сільськогосподарські культури.

2. Родючість землі залежить від бактерій, грибків, маленьких тварин, які розщеплюють відходи в ґрунті й вивільняють поживні речовини.

3. Фермери, що зловживають добривами та пестицидами, можуть зменшити родючість землі.

4. Полив землі на територіях із поганою дренажною системою може призвести до появи стоячої води.

5. Папір, пластик, консервні пляшки – усе це називається твердими побутовими відходами; металобрухт, залишки від сільськогосподарської діяльності та видобувної промисловості – це відвал.

6. Відкриті сміттєзвалища псують природну красу ландшафту й слугують притулком для щурів та інших тварин, що переносять хвороби.

7. Неправильне використання або раптовий викид шкідливих речовин викликають велику кількість катастроф у всьому світі.

8. Пестициди можуть переноситися вітром на інші території, стікати з дощовою водою в річки, озера та потрапляти крізь землю в ґрунтові води; деякі пестициди можуть залишатися в навколишньому середовищі багато років і переходити з одного організму до іншого.

9. Вчені розробляють генетично модифіковані рослини, які були б стійкими до певних шкідників.

XI. Read the following dialogue, try to act it out:

– Good morning, Mr. Williams. I’ve got lots of letters for you this morning.

– Good morning, Mary. Are any of the letters interesting?

– Well, there is another one about the environment.

– Does it say anything about any particular environmental problems?

– Let me read it to you: «The appalling situation of our waters being contaminated by chemical waste from factories has resulted in problems for both the fishing industry and residents alike. Skin and eye problems have developed in those people who swim in waters filled with rubbish and dead fish. Additionally, farmers have had their annual crops damaged by chemicals which have polluted water supplies. Finally, everyday life has become extremely unpleasant due to the overwhelming stench (жахливий сморід) which originates from nearby factories».

– Does it give any suggestions on how to deal with the problems?

– Yes, listen. One of their solutions will be to relocate the factories. Another remedy would be to impose heavy fines on owners of factories who violate environmental protection laws. Finally, the government should enforce laws which state that the factories must have filters on their chimneys.

– There are some interesting ideas there. I think we’ll publish that letter in the next edition of the paper. What do you think?

– I think that’s a good idea. People need to be reminded about these problems.

X. Do you believe that the responsibility for saving planet Earth also lies in your hands?

WHAT CAN YOU DO? Here’s a list of 24 practical ideas. Can all of them help you to help the environment?

1. Buy fresh food that doesn’t need a lot of packing.

2. Try to buy «organic» fruits and vegetables from farmers who don’t use chemicals.

3. Look for food and other products which come from Third World countries.

4. Save as much water as possible.

5. Find out more about Green organizations in your area.

6. Write letters to the government in your country about Green problems which worry you.

7. Use products that won’t stay forever in the earth or sea when you throw them away.

8. Use bottles more than once (or take them to the bottle bank).

9. Try to save paper. Also, buy and use recycled paper as often as possible.

10. Avoid «throwaway» products.

11. Make sure that your family and friends use unleaded petrol in their cars.

12. Don’t buy products (fur or ivory, for example) made from rare or protected species.

13. Use public transport as often as possible.

14. If you’re buying wood, don’t choose hardwood from tropical rainforests.

15. Look for aerosols which haven’t got any CFCs (фреон) in them.

16. Try to eat a healthier diet. Avoid too much fat or sugar.

17. Don’t buy hamburgers or pizzas in plastic boxes which contain CFCs.

18. Use batteries as little as possible. It takes 50 times more energy to make them than they produce.

19. Don’t have on electric lights, TV, hi-fi, etc. if you’re not using them.

20. Take more aerobic exercise at least three times per week.

21. Find out more about conservation issues in your area. Are there any woods, fields, etc. in danger, for example?

22. Try to throw away at least 25 % less rubbish.

23. Help old people in your area to insulate their homes. This saves energy and helps to keep them warm in winter.

24. Visit any local nature reserves or zoos and talk to the people who run them.

XI. Do you know that...

– recultivation of land includes setting up of recreational parks, swimming pools, beaches and the like;

– salinization of soil can be overcome with the help of biochemical and metallurgical enterprises wastes;

– the use of nuclear weapons would erode the soil;

– Geya was the name of old Greek goddess of Earth. It is still preserved in the names of scinces: geology, geography, geophysics and others;

– about one fourth of the Netherlands is below the sea level nevertheless it is used for farming.

UNIT 4 GREENHOUSE EFFECT

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

I. Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

1. Exist [Ig’zIst] – існувати.

2. Fossil [‘fOsl] – викопний.

3. Methane [‘mi:TeIn] – метан, болотний газ.

4. Photosynthesis [fqVtqV’sInTIsIs] – фотосинтез.

5. Chiefly [‘CJflI] – головним чином.

6. Severity [sI’verItI] – суворість (клімату).

7. Beneficial [benI’fIS(q)l] – сприятливий.

8. Impact [‘Impxkt] – вплив.

9. Coastal [‘kqVst(q)l] – береговий, прибережний.

10. Extinct [Iks’tINkt] – вимираючий.

11. Efficient [I’fIS(q)nt] – дієвий, ефективний.

12. Particular [pq’tIkjulq] – особливий, окремий.

13. Device [dI’vaIs] – пристрій, механізм.

II. Translate the following international words:

system, norm, information, organization, creditor, to analyze, group.

III. While translating the text keep in mind the different meanings of the words:

To remove – 1) переміщуватися на інше місце;

2) знімати (одяг);

3) видаляти;

4) вбивати.

Space – 1) простір, територія;

2) відстань;

3) проміжок часу, строк;

4) космос.

Sheet – 1) простирадло;

2) аркуш;

3) газета;

4) шар, пласт.

Pattern – 1) модель, зразок;

2) система, структура, принцип;

3) стиль, характер.

Part – 1) частка;

2) участь у роботі, роль;

3) частина тіла;

4) том, серія;

5) сторона (у спорі).

IV. Word-combinations to remember:

1. Greenhouse effect – парниковий ефект.

2. Glass roof – скляний дах.

3. To trap heat – поглинати тепло.

4. Fossil fuels – викопні види палива.

5. Cloud droplets and soot – краплі з хмар та сажа, кіптява.

6. Industrial facilities – обладнання заводів.

7. Solar energy – сонячна енергія.

8. Evaporated water – випарована вода.

9. To alter the ecology – змінити екологію.

10. Rainfall patterns – характер розподілу кількості опадів.

11. To melt polar ice – розтоплювати полярний льод.

12. Ocean currents – океанічні течії.

13. Ice sheets – зсуви льоду.

14. The threat of flooding – загроза повені.

15. To inhabit areas – населяти території.

16. To adopt efficient process – запровадити ефективні процеси.

17. А light bulb – електрична лампочка.

18. To be densely populated – бути щільно населеним.

19. To force to migrate – бути змушеним мігрувати.

20. To become extinct – ставати вимираючим видом.

21. The emissions of greenhouse gases – викиди парникових газів

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Greenhouse effect is a warming of the lower atmosphere and surface of a planet by a complex process involving sunlight, gases and particles in the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is so named because the atmosphere acts much like the glass roof and walls of a greenhouse, trapping heat from the sun.

On the earth the greenhouse effect began long before human beings existed. However, recent human activity may have added to the effect. Since the mid-1800’s, human activities – chiefly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and the clearing of land – have increased the amounts of heat-trapping atmospheric gases, called greenhouse gases. The chief greenhouse gases are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. The greenhouse particles include cloud droplets, soot, and dust.

The burning of fossil fuels produces the greenhouse gas – carbon dioxide. Most of this burning takes place in automobiles, electric power plants, and industrial facilities. The clearing of land increases the amount of carbon dioxide that trees and other plants remove from the atmosphere in a process called photosynthesis.

The earth’s surface reflects about 15 percent of the solar energy that reaches it back toward space. The remaining energy heats the lands and seas. The warmed lands and seas then send most of the heat back into the atmosphere, chiefly as infrared rays and in evaporated water.

The increase in surface temperature, which is called global warming, could alter the ecology of many parts of the earth. For example, global warming could change rainfall patterns, melt enough polar ice to raise the sea level, increase the severity of tropical storms, and lead to shifts in plant and animal populations. Ocean currents and wind patterns could change, making some areas cooler than they are now. One remote possibility is that a warming of northern regions will result in more winter snowfall, casing some ice sheets. Continued global warming could have a beneficial impact in some areas and a harmful impact in others. For example, people could begin to farm in regions where it is currently too cold. At the same time, global warming could cause sea levels to rise and increase the threat of flooding in low-lying coastal areas, many of which are densely populated. A rapid and large-scale climate change could severely harm the earth's ecosystems (the living organisms and physical environment in particular areas). For example, such a change could make it difficult for many species to survive in the regions they now inhabit. Some could be forced to migrate, while others could become extinct.

Because global warming might do much harm, many scientists recommend a reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases. For example, manufacturers would adopt more efficient processes to produce goods. Makers of electrical equipment would introduce more efficient motors, light bulbs and other devices.

TEXT-BASED ASSIGNMENTS

I. Try to identify the part of speech of the following words according to the word-building elements:

accounting, industrialized, creditor, rapidly, economically, reliably, organizational, to revolutionize, available, digestible, effective.

II. Find out synonyms:

1. Impact a) to change

2. Chiefly b) to live

3. Beneficial c) mainly

4. To exist d) favourable

5. To alter e) influence

6. Device f) machine

III. Find out antonyms:

1. Beneficial a) to do good

2. Increase b) easy

3. Warming c) slow

4. Lower d) meltdown

5. Northern e) harmful

6. Snowfall f) reduction

7. Rapid g) cooling

8. Difficult h) higher

9. To harm i) southern

IV. Match the words with their definitions:

1. Population a). formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (as water)

2. Solar b). the rays situated outside the visible spectrum at its red end

3. Dense c). the exterior or upper boundary of an object or body

4. Soot d). to make different without changing into something else

5. Photosynthesis e). the organisms inhabiting a particular locality

6. Surface f). having a high mass per unit volume

7. Infrared rays g). the fine powder consisting chiefly of carbon that colors smoke

8. Alter h). produced or operated by the action of the sun's light or heat

V. Give Ukrainian equivalents:

a warming of the atmosphere, to involve sunlight, a glass roof of the greenhouse, heat-trapping atmospheric gases, to reflect solar energy, infrared rays, evaporated water, to change rainfall patterns, ocean currents, to cause ice sheets, the threat of flooding, to become extinct, the emission of gases.

VI. Translate the following word combinations into English:

cкладні процеси, скляний дах, очищення землі, залишок енергії, інфрачервоні промені й випарoвана вода, танення полярного льоду, негативний вплив, низинні прибережні території, бути щільно населеним, сильно шкодити екосистемі землі, змусити мігрувати, бути під загрозою зникнення.

VII. Correct the statements if necessary using the phrases of agreement or disagreement:

1. Greenhouse effect is a cooling of the lower atmosphere and surface of a planet.

2. The greenhouse effect is so named because the atmosphere acts much like the glass roof and walls of a greenhouse.

3. The increases in animal species have enlarged the amounts of heat trapping atmospheric gases.

4. The burning of fossil fuels produces the greenhouse gas – nitrogen oxide.

5. The earth’s surface reflects about 50 percent of the solar energy.

6. The increase in surface temperature could alter the ecology of many parts of the earth.

7. Because global warning might do much harm, many scientists recommend an increase in the emissions of greenhouse gases.

VIII. Answer the following questions:

1. What is greenhouse effect?

2. Why is the greenhouse effect so named?

3. What are the greenhouse gases?

4. What do the greenhouse particles include?

5. What human activities have increased the amounts of heat-trapping atmospheric gases?

6. How many percents of the solar energy does the earth’s surface reflect?

7. How can global warming influence the ecology of many parts of the earth?

8. In what way do scientists recommend people to behave in order to reduce the speed of global warming?

9. What is photosynthesis?

IX. Translate into English:

1. Парниковий ефект – це нагрівання нижчих шарів атмосфери та поверхні Землі.

2. На Землі парниковий ефект розпочався задовго до появи людей.

3. Починаючи із середини 1800-х років, діяльність людини і очищення землі збільшили кількість атмосферних газів, що поглинають тепло.

4. Очищення землі зменшує кількість двоокису вуглецю, який дерева та інші рослини видаляють з атмосфери в процесі, що називається фотосинтез.

5. Поверхня Землі відбиває біля 15 відсотків сонячної енергії, а залишок енергії нагріває землю й моря.

6. Глобальне потепління може змінити кількість опадів, викликати танення полярного льоду й підвищити рівень моря, зробити більш суворими тропічні шторми.

7. Такі зміни можуть ускладнити виживання багатьох видів тварин і рослин у тих регіонах, де вони зараз мешкають.

8. Оскільки глобальне потепління може сильно зашкодити людству, вчені рекомендують зменшити кількість вихлопних газів.

X. Read the following text, try to catch the plot of it:

Ozone hole

Since the late 1970’s, scientists have observed a seasonal depletion (thinning) of ozone over Antarctica. The amount of zone decreases by up to 50 percent for about two months, creating an ozone hole.

Scientists believe the winter weather in Antarctica promotes the production of chemicals that can destroy ozone. In the winter – from June to September – Antarctica is extremely cold, and it is dark for long periods. Swirling winds above Antarctica stop normal patterns of air circulation. In spring an increase in sunlight triggers (давати початок, викликати) chemical reactions that destroy ozone. As a result, the ozone hole forms. By the end of November the reactions that deplete ozone stop. Air from non-polar regions flows into the polar area raising the amount of ozone to normal levels.

Scientists have also discovered that a much less severe ozone hole occurs over the Arctic in late winter. Scientists measure ozone in the upper atmosphere with instruments on aircraft, balloons, and satellites.

XI. Read the following dialogue, try to act it out:

Mayor of Pickering (маленьке містечко) (M.), Mrs. Wilkins (W.), the second speaker (Sp. 2), Mr. Turner (T.), Mrs. Armstrong (A.).

M.: Now colleagues, meeting to order! I remind all of you that the purpose of this meeting is to hear the concerns and suggestions of the citizens of our city so that Pickering will become an even better place to live in. The subject of tonight’s meeting is keeping Pickering clean. Anyone who wishes to speak may step toward the microphones. Yes, go ahead, Ma’am.

W.: Good evening, Mr. Mayor. My name is Agnes Wilkins and I’ve lived in Pickering all my life I think the city is not doing enough to keep the rubbish off the streets, in my neighbourhood the dustman only comes around 3 times a week. I suggest that more dustmen be employed so that they could collect rubbish daily. Then we wouldn’t have piles of rubbish on our streets that can easily cause the spread of disease.

M.: Thank you, Mrs. Wilkins. Actually, our study is already under way to find out how much a daily collection would cost. The report is to be out in February. Next speaker, please.

Sp. 2: I agree with Mrs. Wilkins’s suggestions, but in my opinion, it doesn’t go far enough. In addition to collecting rubbish daily, we need a better recycling system: paper, glass and plastic can all be recycled. Why don’t we have recycling bins in every neighbourhood. Then we could dramatically reduce the amount of rubbish that needs collecting in the first place and save natural resources at the same time.

M.: I’m pleased to say that the government has just announced that it will make money available to cities that wish to start recycling programs. By this time next year the program should be working in Pickering. Next speaker, please.

T.: Thank you, Mr. Mayor. I get extremely upset when I see all the litter on our streets. There is fast food packaging everywhere and people drop chocolate bar wrappers without a second thought. Why are the laws controlling litter in the city not properly enforced? If people knew that they would be fined they would think twice before dropping litter on the pavements.

M.: Ah, there is a real need for such an improvement. In fact we are planning to have more staff in order to help control this problem and the fines are going to be increased as well. Thank you, Mr...

T.: Turner, Martin Turner.

M.: Thank you, Mr. Turner. Anyone else?

A.: I have a question. My name is Kim Armstrong and I live near the tire factory on Maya’s Road. The factory is in the middle of the residential neighbourhood and it stinks. Can’t the city shut it down and build the park in its place. We would live in much healthier surroundings then.

M.: To be fair, the factory was there before the houses, but I have good news: the tire factory is voluntarily relocating to the new industrial area on the edge of the city. Three months from now the move will have been completed. Are there any more suggestions? Well, thank you all for attending.

XII. Discuss:

Scientists are still not sure how serious the effects of global warming will be. Some industries don't want to make changes until there is definite evidence that the effects are serious. What is your opinion?

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