Admission to Universities and Colleges

The following words are used in this connection: 104. to admit, admission

To admit is used in formal style, especially in the passive:

e.g. a. Students are admitted to British universities mainly on the basis of their results in the examinations for the General Certificate of Education at Ordinary and Advanced Level. (See unit 340.)

Admission is also used in formal style, in such sentences as: b. All applications for admission to courses leading to a first degree must be made through the Univer­sities Central Council on Admissions (UCCA).

This council is described in BEE as follows: "The UCCA was set up by the universities of the UK in 1961. The UCCA office receives applications for admission to first degree courses at nearly all the universities and university colleges in the UK: decisions on such applications are made by the universities themselves and trans­mitted through the UCCA office." *

The abbreviation UCCA is pronounced

* Admission procedures for British universities are described in A BOOK OF BRITAIN, Leningrad, 1977, pp. 187-188.

105. to apply, application, applicant

To apply means "to ask officially for something", in this case for admission to a university or college. It is used as follows;

to apply for admission (to a university/college) — formal style

to apply for a place (at a university/college) — less formal

to apply to a university/college — non-formal

е. g. He applied to London University.

to apply to university

This expression, with no article, means to apply to that type of institution; which university is not important here.

Application- means the act of applying, or the request itself. Its use is illustrated in the quotation about UCCA given above. Application is usually made by filling in an applica­tion form giving all the necessary details about oneself.

An applicant is a person who applies.

е. g. There were five applicants for every place.

106. The following verbs are used with reference to the result
of the application;

to be accepted/rejected (by a university/college)

and was accepted, but was rejected.

to get in (to)

This is often used in the sense of "to be accepted" in colloquial style.

e.g. a. In spite of the stiff competition (for places) he got in

(to the French Department). b. He applied three times but didn't get in.

107. to enter, entrance

To enter occurs only in the sense of "to begin to study", in formal style.

e.g. He entered the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in I960.

In other cases to be accepted or to get in is used (see unif 106 above). Try to enter is rarely if ever Used in the sense "посту­пать". Apply is the usual word (see unit 105).

With reference to Oxford and Cambridge the expression

to go up (to Oxford/Cambridge) sometimes occurs in the sense oi "to enter":

e.g. He went up toOxford in 1965. (See also to come down, unit 369.)

Entrance is sometimes used in the sense of admission, but more often attributively, in the expressions entrance re­quirements, entrance examination.

e.g. a. The minimum entrance requirements for British

universities is five passes at GCE 0 level and two

passes at A level. (See unit 340.)

b. Most British universities have no special entrance

examination now. (See example a. in unit 104.)

IN THE SOVIET UNION

Since the government and administration of Soviet uni­versities da not differ basically from those of other institutions of higher education, there is no need for two sets of terms. The following translations can be recommended.

Ректор

Rector seems to be the best translation. Although this word usually means something different in England ("a senior clergyman"), in a university context its meaning is clear enough; most educated English people are familiar with its use to denote the head of a Scottish, German or French university. It is even used in England at two Oxford colleges (Exeter and Lincoln), where the head of the college is called the rector. It has also been adopted by at least one of the new polytech­nics. For example, the head of Liverpool Polytechnic is called the rector. If necessary, one can explain that the rector is the head of the university, similar to the vice-chancellor of an English university.

Проректор

Pro-rector may be used as a translation, as long as one remembers that this is only a translation of a foreign concept. The SOED comments "now chiefly in German use". Another, clearer alternative is vice-rector.

Ученый совет

The literal translation academic council may be used, since its general meaning is clear, but one should bear in mind that

this is not used in English universities, and be prepared to explain if necessary that it corresponds more or less to the English senate.

Факультет

If an institution is divided into факультеты, these can be called faculties in English.

Here are translations of the names of some Soviet fac­ulties.

112. филологический факультет — philological faculty or
faculty of arts/arts faculty (see unit 81) or faculty of languages
and literature, depending on the context.

It may be translated as philological faculty among Soviet teachers and students, since they know what specific concept it expresses. However, one should bear in mind that to an Eng­lish person the expression will convey either nothing, or some­thing different from what is meant. He may imagine a faculty devoted entirely to the history of language, quite apart from other aspects of language, and from literature (see unit 409). He may well suspect that this is unlikely to be so, but will be at a loss to understand exactly what is meant.

When talking to English people there are three possibili­ties. The first is to use the literal translation philological fac­ulty, with an explanation of its meaning if necessary. This may be justified in some cases, where it is important to con­vey that this is the specific Soviet term, although its gener­al use is not to be recommended. The second possibility is to use the English term arts faculty. This is familiar to Eng­lish people and, although the English arts faculty is wider in its scope than the Soviet филологический факультет, it does include the subjects taught in the Soviet faculty (see unit 81). The third possibility is to use faculty of languages and literature. This is not an English term, but is clear to English people, and may be preferred by those who wish to avoid giving the impression that the Soviet филологический факуль­тет includes all the subjects taught in the English arts facul­ty. It seems to be the clearest translation available.

In those institutions where the филологический is combined with the исторический факультет as the историко-фило­логический факультет one could use the translation faculty of history, languages and literature.

The choice between these three possibilities also depends

on the situation. In general conversation, where the exact distinctions between the English and Soviet faculties are not very important, arts faculty could be used, and in serious discussions faculty of (history) languages and literature or even, if necessary, philological faculty.

факультет иностранных языков can be translated as faculty of foreign/modern languages and восточный факультет as faculty of oriental languages/studies.

113. исторический факультет — faculty of history or history
faculty

философский факультет — faculty of philosophy or phi­losophy faculty

факультет психологии —faculty of psychology or psychol­ogy faculty

Remember, however, that in most English universities history, philosophy, psychology and foreign languages are taught in one faculty, usually called the arts faculty.

114. экономический факультет—faculty of economics or
economics faculty

In English universities, however, economics is usually taught in the faculty of social science(s) (see unit 86).

115. факультет журналистики — faculty of journalism or
journalism faculty

Journalism is not taught at English universities, but the above translation is clear enough.

116. The adjectival forms historical, geographical, economical,
etc. should be avoided in the names of faculties, since they
may be understood in a more general sense than is appro­
priate here. For example, economical faculty suggests a faculty
where economies, or savings, are made. The effect is not so
strange in all cases. For example, historical faculty does not
sound very different from history faculty. On the whole, how­
ever, it is better to avoid these forms.

117. ученый совет (факультета)

One may use the literal translation academic council, as at university level (see unit 110). Faculty can be included in two ways: faculty academic council or academic council of the faculty. Since this body fulfills approximately the same function as the faculty board in English universities, this

term may also be used. It is not automatically associated with an English university.

118. декан, замдекана

Декан can be translated as dean, and замдекана as sub-dean or assistant dean.

119. кафедра

There is no exact English equivalent for this word, but it is usually best translated as department (see unit 91). e.g. Кафедра английской филологии — Department of English (Language) or English (Language) Depart­ment

The inclusion of language is not essential but is to be recom­mended when talking to English people, because otherwise they will assume that both language and literature are taught there, as in English universities. The second form given is less formal style.

Кафедра германский/романской филологии — Department of Germanic/Romance Languages

Кафедра зарубежных литератур — Department of Foreign Literature

Кафедра фонетики — Department of Phonetics or Phonetics Department

Here are some sentences where department corresponds to кафедра:

a. / teach in the English Department.

b. Our department has decided to recommend the book for
publication.

е. Representatives of all (the) departments attended the faculty conference.

Заседание кафедры can be translated as meeting of the department or departmental meeting (but see unit 91).

Staff meeting is widely used in England, but this is clearly not an appropriate translation when postgraduates also attend. (In English universities postgraduates do not generally attend meetings with the staff.)

Note that sitting is not used here. Its use is restricted main­ly to Parliament and law courts.

Заведующий кафедрой is best translated as head of (the) department (see unit 92). The definite article must be includ­ed when the name of the department is given:

e.g. d. Professor N. is (the) head of the English Department.

Otherwise it is generally omitted:

e.g. е. We had a talk with the head of department.

f. This question can only be decided by the head of depart­ment.

Секретарь кафедры can be translated as secretary of the department or departmental secretary, but when talking to English people one should add that this secretary is also a member of the teaching staff. Otherwise they will assume that this person has only secretarial duties.

120. лаборант(ка)

Laboratory assistant (usually abbreviated to lab assistant

in non-formal style) should be used only when the person con­cerned works in a laboratory, 'dealing with equipment. If his/her duties are secretarial (paperwork, typing, answering the telephone, etc.) the word secretary should be used instead. This word is also suggested as a translation of секретарь ко- федры, but there appears to be no alternative for either.

121. отделение

When this means a group of departments it can be translat­ed as school (see units 80, 414). However, when отделение is considered from the student's point of view, as that part of the institution where he studies, department is often more appropriate. As stated in unit 91, a department of an English university or college includes both staff and students, e.g. а. Я учусь на английском отделении. — Гт in the

English Department.

b. Студенты английского отделения — Students of the English Department

The sentence Она окончила английское отделение can be translated in various ways, for example:

е. She took an English degree.

d. She's got a degree in English/an English degree.

e. She did English (at university).

f. She was in the English Department.

depending on the situation.

122. дневное/вечернее отделение

These terms can be translated as follows:

дневное отделение — day department or full-time de­partment

, вечернее отделение — evening department or part-time department

Note, however, that English universities and colleges do not have evening or part-time departments, although London University has a special college (Birkbeck College) for exening students. Other universities take only full-time students (ex­cept for the Open University, described in unit 36). Polytech­nics and other institutions of further education have part-time courses, but classes take place mainly during tl е day, for example, once or twice a week. Evening classes are held at separate institutions called evening institutes (see unit 402).

Заочное отделение

English universities and colleges do not have a depart­ment of this kind. London University has an external depart­ment, but does not provide tuition for external students (see unit 96). The Open University fulfills a similar function (see unit 36), but it is a separate institution.

Correspondence department can be used as an approximate translation.

IV. BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS

SCHOOLS A school building usually has the following:

Entrance hall (вестибюль)

The word vestibule exists but is rarely used, and not in educational institutions. When it is used, it refers to a house (передняя). Lobby has a similar meaning, but is also rarely used, except of the lobby of the House of Commons. It means a sort of corridor or passage.

School/assembly hall

This corresponds to the Russian актовый зал, although it is not such a general term as the Russian one, being restrict­ed to schools. It is often abbreviated to hall when the con­text is clear:

e.g. (Teacher to class) — You are all to go into the hall now.

Classrooms /formrooms

Classroom is either a general term denoting any room in which teaching is done, or, more specifically, a room where a particular class is usually taught and keeps its books, etc. In the second sense the word is restricted to primary schools (see unit 175):

e.g.— Which is your classroom?

Formroom has the same meaning as classroom but is mainly restricted to secondary schools, where it usually denotes a room used by a particular form for registration (= marking the register) etc. and for some lessons:

e.g — Miss Williams told us to go back to our/the formroom.

Room alone is used in all cases where the context makes it clear what type of room is meant, or where it is not impor­tant:

e.g. a.— Which/What room are we in for next lesson? b. — I'll go and look for an empty room. е.— Room 5 seems to be free.

Classrooms are numbered. The usual way of saying room numbers is room one, room two, etc. There is no need to include the word number, unless one wishes to be emphatic, or very formal. Rooms 100 and over are called either:

room (a) hundred, room (a) hundred and one, etc. (One hundred is used only for special emphasis or in very formal style.)

or room 101 (but not for 100)

room 102 etc.

room 246

The second way is the most widespread in everyday speech.

127. Classrooms are equipped with desks, chairs, a chalkboard,
shelves and cupboards.

Note that in English schools both pupils and teachers have desks, although the teacher's desk is larger and may differ in other respects too. Table is not generally used to denote a piece of furniture used for writing at, especially if it has drawers. Pupils' desks are not usually double nowadays, but for one pupil only.

Chalkboard is gradually replacing the traditional black­board, owing to the increasing use of different-coloured boards.

However, the full form is used only in those cases where there might be a risk of confusion with another type of board, for example, the notice boar d ("доска объявлений"). Otherwise simply board is used. For examples of classroom usage, see unit 266.

128. subject/specialist room

This is a room where a certain subject is taught to as many forms as possible, and where special equipment and materials needed for the teaching of that subject are kept.

e.g. art room needlework room geography room

woodwork room music room history room

Some schools also have a language room, or separate lan­guage rooms, for example, a French/German room. These corre­spond to the Russian кабинет иностранных языков and ка­бинет французского!немецкого языка. (Study is not used in this sense. See unit 139.)

Language rooms may be equipped with the following audio­visual aids ("аудио-визуальные средства"):

record-player — проигрыватель film-projector — кинопроек-
t ape- recorder — магнитофон тор

slide-projector — диапроектор film-strip projector — диа­скоп, фильмоскоп

If there are booths with tape-recorders, it is called a language laboratory (see unit 129 below).

129. laboratory

The word laboratory is usually abbreviated to lab in non-formal style.

There are two main types of laboratory in schools:

(1) science laboratory

Secondary schools usually have three science laboratories: biology laboratory — биологический кабинет chemistry laboratory — химический кабинет physics laboratory — физический кабинет These are rooms specially designed and equipped for practical work, that is, for conducting experiments. They do not have desks, but long tables called benches, not chairs, but stools. Everything needed for experiments is kept in special cup­boards.

Biology room, etc. are used in some schools, but if the rooms are specially equipped laboratory is more appropriate.

(2) language laboratory

.This is described in BEE as follows: "This is a classroom fitted with electronic equipment which is used for group tui­tion in languages. In less well-equipped laboratories the fit­tings consist of berths or booths, one for each pupil, which insulate the students (=pupils.—See unit 170 — J.P.) from classroom noise, and each pupil has a pair of headphones which enable him to listen to the teacher speaking or to a tape record­er or record player under the teacher's control.

In the better-equipped laboratories the headphones worn by the pupils are fitted with an attachment which supports a small microphone in front of the pupil's mouth, and the stu­dent (= pupil.— J. Р.) has a tape recorder, usually with a dual track and dual record replay head, under his control. The teacher sits at a console which is so equipped as to enable him to hear the tape recordings of any pupil, and he can give instructions and correct a pupil's pronunciation — his words being heard only by the particular pupil concerned."

Earphones is used as an alternative to headphones.

Linguaphone laboratory should not be used. Linguaphone is a proper name, that of a commercial firm which produces language courses on gramophone records.

130. Other rooms in the school include:

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