College of further education or further education college

This may denote a general college with a wide range of courses below the level of higher education, or it may be a general term, including the more specialised types listed below. Further education college is less formal.

This has the same meaning as technical college, but is more recent, and usually denotes a newer institution providing more advanced courses than a traditional technical college.

The term college of advanced technology is now obsolete. It was used only between 1956 and 1962. These colleges, or CATs, as they were often called, were originally ordinary technical colleges, ten in number, which were chosen to concentrate on advanced work and finally became universities, the so-called technological universities, in 1962 (see unit 35).

Such colleges teach commercial subjects, or, as they are often called now, office studies, that is, shorthand ("стенография"), typing ("машинопись"), book-keeping ("бухгалтерский учет") and other subjects connected with commerce and administration.

Such colleges teach drawing, painting, sculpture, applied art, fashion design, furniture design, etc. They train art teachers and designers.

45. There are other types of specialised college, for example,
agricultural college, college of building, and so on. However,
many people receive their vocational training not at a special
ised college but in one of the departments of a more general
college, such as a college of technology, or a polytechnic,
which will be considered in the next unit.

Although there have been institutions called polytechnics in Britain for a long time, the term now usually refers to institutions established since 1967. The first new ones were formed then, either from single technical colleges, colleges of technology, or groups of these, or groups of technical, building, art and commercial colleges, which were reorganised under the name of polytechnics as centres for advanced courses in a wide range of subjects. Some of the work is of university level, and thus is officially described as the higher education sector within further education.

47. There are also some private colleges, which train people
for a particular job. One example is the secretarial college,

The names of some establishments which train people for various occupations traditionally have the word school instead of college, although they cannot in general be called schools (without a modifier). Here are some examples:

Art schools teach drawing, painting, sculpture, etc. The most well-known is the Slade School of Fine Art, in London (in non-formal style often called simply the Slade). However, most other art institutions are called art colleges (see unit 44 above).

These are establishments for training actors, directors, etc. One very well-known school of this type is the Central School of Speech and Drama, in London. However, the most famous drama school in England is the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art also in London (see unit 49).

There are also some private schools which do not train people for a job, but give some kind of specialised instruction. Two examples are:

These schools provide courses in one or more languages for people of any age, although most of the students are between 16 and 30. Courses may be full-time or part-time. There are many schools of English, which teach English to foreigners

These schools employ instructors who give driving lessons and prepare people for their driving test.

Academy is occasionally used in the sense of "college"» generally in names which date back at least to the last cen^-tury. Two examples are the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (usually abbreviated in non-formal style to RADA and the Royal Military Academy.

высшее учебное заведение — higher education(al) institu-tion/establishment or institution/'establishment of higher education

высшая школа — higher education or higher education(al) institution/establishment or institute or college (see unit 51), depending on the situation Note that higher school is not used in England.

Further education is the nearest English equivalent, although it is clear from unit 27 that it is far from corresponding exactly. The loan translation specialised secondary education is therefore preferable in serious discussions of the Soviet educational system, for example, at meetings of educationists. Bear in mind, however, that this expression will not be quite clear to an English person unacquainted with the Soviet system, and may need explanation.

In cases where институт is a general term, denoting a whole category of educational establishments, the use of college is to be recommended.

e.g. а. Университеты и институты — universities and colleges

c. Мы вместе учились в институте. — We were at
college together.

Institute would not be clear in such cases, because this word has too many different meanings to be used as a general term (see unit 402). As already stated, the usual word for a post-school establishment other than a university is college. However, one should bear in mind that by no means all English colleges are higher educational institutions (see units 38-44).

When the type of институт is specified, as in педагогический институт, сельскохозяйственный институт, and so on, institute can be used. Most British writers on Soviet education use the loan translations pedagogical institute, agricultural institute, and so on. Remember, however, that they are loan translations and not equivalents denoting English establishments. For this reason English people who are unacquainted with the Soviet educational system may not understand them. In such cases it is sometimes preferable to use the names of those English institutions which fulfil a similar function, for example, college of education, agricultural college, explaining the differences if necessary.

Pedagogical institute is the translation used by most British writers on Soviet education. To a non-specialist, however, this is a most formidable expression. Apart from the possible ambiguity of institute (see unit 402), the word pedagogical is a learned word rarely used by anyone except educationists (see also unit 398). An educated English person will probably realise that a pedagogical institute has some connection with teaching, but he may well imagine something more unusual

and more highly specialised, perhaps a research establishment. He is unlikely to think immediately of teacher training.

College of education can be used instead when talking to English people with little or no knowledge of the Soviet system, since this is also an institution for training teachers. However, the Soviet institutions on the whole have a higher academic standard than these English colleges, and research plays a more important part.

Although the term teacher training college is no longer officially used of English institutions, it could be used as an alternative, since it is a clear descriptive term, and well known to most English people.

Some writers use the loan translation polytechnic(al) institute, others use polytechnic, although the English polytechnics have not only higher but also further education courses (see unit 46). The choice depends on the situation, as explained in the previous units.

One may use either the loan translation technological in' stitute, or college of (advanced) technology (see unit 42), depending on the situation (see unit 51). Although there are no longer any institutions called colleges of advanced technology in England, the inclusion of advanced is to be recommended in order to indicate the high standard of the work done there.

There are no medical colleges in England corresponding to the Soviet медицинские институты. All doctors are trained either in th'e medical schools of universities or in teaching hospitals. As a translation of the Russian term, medical school seems to be the most satisfactory. However, medical college, although not an English term, is quite clear and could be used instead. Medical institute is not to be particularly recommended, at least when talking to English people unfamiliar with the Soviet institutions, as this implies a research rather than a teaching establishment (see unit 402).

56. The names of other types of specialised институты
can be translated according to the principles followed above,
that is, by a loan translation when speaking to those who have
some knowledge of the Soviet system, and by the name of
the nearest equivalent institution in other cases.

e.g. сельскохозяйствен- — agricultural institute or
ный институт agricultural college

строительный ин- — institute of building or
cmumym college of building

Note that when a noun, not an adjective, is used with institute or college, the form institute/college of... is more usual. Another example is institute of architecture.

In many cases there is no specialised institution corresponding even approximately to the Soviet one (see unit 45). Here one can use only loan translations, such as institute of economics, institute of shipbuilding, although these may be made closer to native English usage if necessary by using college instead of institute.

c. профессионально-техни- — vocational (techni-
ческое училище cal) school

Pedagogical school is a loan translation. The same problem concerning pedagogical applies here as in the case of pedagogical institute (see unit 52). In this case, however, there seems to be no alternative, since there is no separate type of establishment for training nursery and primary school teachers in England.

Art school is used in England of institutions similar to the Soviet художественные училища (see unit 48) although college of art (and design) is more common (see unit 44).

Vocational (technical) school is a loan translation which sounds rather unusual to the non-specialist. Vocational, although widely used in education (see unit 420), does not occur in names of specific institutions in England. In addition, technical school suggests a school taking the whole secondary age range (see unit 16), and for that reason it might be better to use technical college instead. Unfortunately, however, technical college is needed as a translation of техникум. One solution is to use junior technical college, or to keep school, adding senior or high: senior technical school, technical high school.

59. English schools have names, not numbers. Soviet students
and teachers are often puzzled by the variety of names used
in England, and wonder what they mean. The two most com
mon are:

These are taken from the name of the town, district, village or street in which the school is situated.

e.g. Manchester Grammar School City of Bath Girls' School Wandsworth Comprehensive School Wandsworth is a district of London. Bratton County Primary School В ration is a small town. (For the use of county see unit 10.) Abbey Road Junior School

Some schools are named after the founder, or some other person connected with the school.

Other schools have names which presumably had some significance at the time they were chosen, but this significance has been lost, or is understood only by those who know the history of the school or town. However, even if the name has little real significance now, most people prefer it to a number, since it seems to them in some way more personal, more individual.

Some secondary schools, usually independent, were given at their foundation a name which included the word college. They have kept that name, although they are not really colleges, but schools.

When speaking of the above institutions, one would refer to them as (public) schools.

60. When speaking about Soviet schools, there is no need to
include the word number.

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