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Schools also have a half-term holiday in the middle of





each term, consisting of 2-3 days joined on to the weekend (Saturday and Sunday, which are free anyway).

Vacation is often abbreviated to vac in conversation. For example, at the beginning of a new term students ask each

other:

Did you have a good vac? or — What did you do in the vac? (Compare the colloquial in the vac with the formal during the vacation.)

The following expressions are used about time off given to university and college staff besides vacations:

198. sabbatical (year)

BEE defines this term as follows: "... a year's vacation allowed to a university teacher once in seven years and used by him generally to study an aspect of his subject in greater detail or to bring himself up-to-date on new developments in his field, probably by travel abroad."

In practice it has come to be used of any year of absence for study and/or travel, whether it is seven-yearly or not. The word year is often omitted in non-formal style.

e.g. Professor Marriott has been given a sabbatical (year).

This term is of American origin but is now widely used in Britain too.

Study leave

This is used fairly widely of any period given for the purpose defined under sabbatical year above, including short­er periods.

e.g. Mr Jones is on study leave this term.

IN THE SOVIET UNION

Учебный год — academic year

In schools, school year can be used as a non-formal alter­native, and in higher education session can be used as a formal alternative.

Четверть — (school) term

Quarter is used in the sense of a three-month period, al­though only from January 1st to March 31st and so on, mainly in connection with legal or financial matters. It is not to be


recommended as a translation of четверть in a school context.

202. семестр — (university/college) term or semester

As stated above (unit 196), term is the word used in Eng­land. It is probably the best translation in most cases.

Semester may be preferred by those who wish to make it clear that this is half, not a third, of the academic year. The SOED defines the word as follows: "a period or term of six months, esp. in German universities and some US colleges; the college half-year." It is the usual word in America, where most universities and colleges have two semesters, but is seldom if ever used in Britain and would not be understood by many people.

203. каникулы

школьные каникулы — (school) holidays студенческие каникулы — (university/college) vacation

Note the use of the singular form vacation with reference to one period.

204. The names of Soviet terms, holidays and vacations can
be translated as follows:

Schools

Terms Holidays

the first term the November holiday(s)

the second term the winter/New Year holiday(s)

the third term the spring holiday(s)

the fourth term the summer holidays

Universities and colleges

the first term/semester — the winter vacation

the second term/semester — the summer/long vacation

Public holidays which fall within term time can be trans­lated as, for example, the November holiday, the May (Day) holiday. In such cases the plural form holidays is not generally used, because the holiday lasts only about two or three days.

205. отпуск (для учителей, преподавателей вузов)

In England most teachers are free during the holidays/ vacations, although it is supposed that university and college teachers will spend part of this time working at home, or, for example, attending courses or conferences. For them there is no fixed period corresponding to отпуск. However, (an-


nual) holiday is the usual word in most other professions and this can be used as a translation.

e.g. a. / have two months' (annual) holiday. b. Most of the staff are on holiday now.

Leave used alone in the sense of "annual holiday" is mainly restricted to members of the armed forces and government em­ployees.

206. командировка

This is a difficult word to translate into English when used with reference to teachers. Business trip and (on) busi­ness are not satisfactory translations in such cases, since this has a much more restricted application than the Russian word, and can be used only of those engaged in business, that is, trade or commerce. Thus an employee of a commercial firm may say, for example:



— I'm going


to London on business.

on a business trip to London.


but this is quite inappropriate for a teacher, postgraduate or scholar.

The expression study trip is a useful one for students (both undergraduates and postgraduates).

e.g.— Where's Michael?

He's gone on a study trip to Moscow.

However, there is no general word like командировка, which can be applied to anyone, including teachers and schol­ars or research workers. English people either omit the idea altogether, and simply say, for example:


She's


away.

in London.

gone to London.


or they specify the purpose of the trip.

e.g. a.— Professor Hughes has gone to London to give a lecture, (or... to read a paper at a conference.)

b.— Mr Lawley is going to teach/lecture in Hull for a term.

е.— Jean's gone on a course in Bristol.

d.— Michael's got to go to Oxford to collect (some) material for an article.


е.— / shall be away in Cambridge next week, working in the library.

It should also be mentioned that teachers are not usually allowed to make such trips during term time if this would mean missing classes. The vacations are considered to be the proper time for this (see unit 197), Conferences are generally held in the vacations too.

207. стажировка

This can be translated as study leave or study trip in some cases (see unit 199),

VIII. THE TIMETABLE

208. timetable

This word corresponds to расписание in most cases.

e.g. a. There are four English lessons a week on the timetable. b.— According to the timetable you have a lecture now. е.— Wait a minute. I must look at my timetable. d.— Where's the first-year timetable"?

The following verbs are used with timetable; to draw up a timetable to make a timetable to put smth. on the timetable

to fit smth. into the timetable (if it involves difficulty) to take smth. off the timetable

The expression timetable change is used in such sentences as Be sure to tell the students about the timetable change(s).

In certain cases timetable has practically the same meaning as curriculum (see unit 397).

e.g. е. Some new subjects have appeared on the school time­table, among them being civics, which includes basic knowledge about the working of central and local government, the law, social institutions, etc.

Another use of timetable corresponds to (учебная) нагрузка: e.g. f.— I've got a very heavy timetable this term.

This use is confined mainly to informal style. In official language this idea is expressed by teaching load.

e.g. g. The average teaching load in a secondary school is... hours/periods a week,


English schools, colleges and universities have a five-day week.

THE SCHOOL DAY

209. In England the school day begins at 9 a. m. and ends at
3.30 or 4 р. m. It is divided into seven or eight periods,
broken up by the lunch/dinner hour and one or more breaks.

210. period

This is the unit of time allotted to one lesson; in England this is usually 35-40 minutes.

e.g. a. (The) first period begins at 9.30, after assembly. b. There are six periods a day in this school. е. The first form have four periods of English a week.

A double period is two periods combined, e.g.— We have a double period of physics on Mondays. In conversation period is often omitted, giving, for example: — We have double physics on Mondays.

Combined period is not used.

A free period is a period free from teaching.

e.g. Teachers should have at least one free period a day.

Form period is a period, often once a week, which each form spends with its form teacher. The teacher gives out no­tices (объявления), explains new arrangements affecting the form, and also deals with any problems which have arisen dur­ing the week — both general and individual. It is similar to the Russian воспитательный час.

e.g. (Teacher to pupil) — /'// tell you about that in form period.

211. lesson

This is often used instead of period, although strictly speaking a lesson is not a unit of time but a unit of teaching (see unit 272). It could be used in all the examples given un­der period above. Double lesson and free lesson are also used.

212. break (перемена)

This is widely used in schools to denote a 10-20 minute interval in the middle of the morning (11-11,30).


e.g. a. There Is a

at break, during (the)break.


b. (Teacher to pupil) —Come and see me

fifteen-minute break at 11 o'clock, break of fifteen minutes...


The article is usually omitted here. During is formal.

е. (One pupil to another) — We've got English after break.

Morning break and afternoon break are used in schools which also have a break between afternoon lessons.

Lunch break can be used as a translation of большая пере­мена. (Long break is also possible but sounds less English.)

e.g.— Come and see me in/during the lunch/long break.

Break may also be used of the shorter time allowed for changing lessons.

e.g. There is a five-minute break between lessons to give staff and pupils time to move from one room to another if necessary.

Playtime

Playtime is often used in nursery and primary schools to denote the morning break.

e.g. (Child to mother) — We couldn't go out at playtime because it was raining.

Dinner/lunch hour

This is a longer break in the middle of the day, from 12.30 or 1 o'clock until about 2 o'clock, for the pupils to have their dinner, either at school or at home. After dinner there is a period of recreation before afternoon school.

Although either dinner hour or lunch hour may be used, dinner hour is clearer, because schoolchildren often use the word lunch for the food which they take with them to eat at morning break.

THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE DAY

215. The university/college day is usually divided into hours,
although there has to be a break of 5-10 minutes for students
to get from one room to another. Thus if the first class starts


at 9 o'clock, it finishes at 9.50 or 9.55, the second class starts at 10 o'clock, and so on.

Hour is not widely used in the sense of a teaching period. Period is rarely used, and lesson not at all. Unfortunately there is no general term, like the Russian занятие, which includes all types of teaching. Sometimes class is used, sometimes lee-ture, although strictly speaking each of these denotes only one type of teaching (see units 273, 274).

e.g. a. The first class/lecture is at 9 o'clock, b. С lasses/lectures start at 9 o'clock. е. / must go. I've got a ten o'clock class/lecture.

d. We've had three classes/lectures already today.

e. There will be no classes/lectures tomorrow.

Sometimes teaching is used in this general sense.

e.g. f. Teaching ends on May 30th.

g. There will be no teaching tomorrow.

Lunch hour is used to denote the period of about an hour when staff and students have lunch.

Break is not generally used in universities and colleges, except in the sense of the 5-10 minute break between one class and the next, because there are usually no other breaks besides the lunch hour.

Gap can be used as a translation of окно to denote an unde­sirable break, although in England such breaks are not usual.







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