Places for Eating and Drinking

140. Refectory is the traditional word for the place where
students have their meals and can be translated as (студенче
ская) столовая. It is a specifically university word, and is
little used elsewhere.

Dining room/hall is used in some institutions. Room generally suggests, a smaller-place than halt.

The type of dishes available is usually the same as in a refectory or dining room.

Canteen is not often used in universities and colleges, although, as we have seen, it is used in some schools. It is also used in factories, commercial firms and other organisations where meals are provided on the premises.

Refreshment room is not used in educational institutions, and rarely at all, except sometimes at railway stations.

Snack bar is the more traditidnal term. It makes it clear that snacks, that is, light meals (hot and cold) are served, besides hot and cold drinks, sandwiches, cakes, etc.

Coffee bar is a more modern expression, and widely used of establishments frequented by young people. Although only coffee is specified in the name, many of them also serve sandwiches, cakes, and even hot snacks.

buffet meal/lunch/supper — a meal, usually cold, where the guests help themselves and sit where they like,- rather than sitting round a table and being served.

Buffet is, however, sometimes used as a noun, in the sense of a place where snacks or buffet meals are served.

141. Those studying away from home may be given accommodation in a hostel or hall of residence. Both hostel and hall of residence can be translated as общгжитие, but they are not complete synonyms.

Hostel is the more general word, and is used not only of places which provide accommodation for students, but, for example, of those for nurses, factory workers, or other sections of the population. One may specify, if necessary, a student hostel, a nurses' hostel, and so on.

Hall of residence is a more modern term, and is used only of student hostels. It is the official term, and formal in style. However, the form hall, with no article, is widely used by students in everyday situations.

Those students who cannot get a place in a hall of residence can live in lodgings (colloq. in digs). This means that the landlady provides his meals (at least breakfast and evening meal), either separately or with the family. Others prefer to live in a bed-sitting room (see below) or to share a flat, which they rent with one or more fellow-students, and look after themselves.

If someone lives in one room, which he rents separately, it is often called a b'ed-sitting room, or colloquially, a bedsitter or even bed-sit. This means a bedroom and sitting room combined. Usually the bathroom and kitchen are shared with the other tenants, although some bed-sitting rooms have their own cooking facilities.

Students' rooms are sometimes described as study bedrooms. A study bedroom may be in the student's home, in lodgings, or in a hall of residence. It is simply a bedroom which also serves as a study; that is, it has a desk and bookshelves, so that the student can' work there.

144. This is the headquarters of the students' union, which
provides recreational facilities for students and also has commit
tees which represent the student body in university or college
affairs. It is run almost entirely by the students themselves.
The union building usually contains a large hall for meetings,
debates, dances, concerts, plays and so on, common rooms (see
unit 137), committee rooms, a coffee bar and some other rooms
for recreational purposes. It is also the centre of the many
student societies, for example, the debating society, drama
society, music society, literary society. There are also clubs for
various sports, for example, the football club, tennis club,
swimming club, and so on. The sports themselves take place at
the university/college playing fields or sports ground.

This is a general term, which can be applied to anyone who teaches, whether in a school, college, university, or any other educational institution. In reply to the question "What does he/she do?" or "What's his/her lob?" one may say "He/She's a teacher". This is a general reply, indicating that the person concerned belongs to the teaching profession, but not specifying to which branch. In practice, however, the word teacher alone usually denotes a school teacher rather than a teacher in a university or college. If necessary one may be more specific and say, for example:

Teacher is also used in a general sense with such adjectives and participles as good, poor, bad, excellent, born, experienced, referring to a person's ability to communicate knowledge or skill.

Here teacher expresses the same idea as the Russian word педагог. (Pedagogue is a very rare word which usually has a derogatory connotation, implying pedantry.)

146. Among school teachers, one may distinguish between nursery, primary, and secondary school teachers. Or one may

ers, since primary school teachers do not usually specialize in one subject. Such expressions may also refer to teachers in universities and colleges, but on the whole these are referred to differently (see unit 153).

English people do not say She teaches in school; instead they say She's a school teacher or specify where or what she teaches, or sometimes whom.

It is also better to avoid She works at school, or other such sentences with work, as this may suggest some work other than teaching.

Assistants form the largest group of teachers in a school, what we might loosely call the ordinary teachers. They are responsible for their own lessons, but must consult their head of department (see unit 69) on all important matters.

When the subject taught needs to be specified, the forms assistant English/history/music teacher, etc. are used.

Master/mistress can be used instead of teacher with the name of the subject, for example, assistant English/master/ mistress.

Sometimes an assistant teacher is unofficially called junior, for example, junior English teacher/mistress. However, this may refer only to the most junior.

This is the teacher responsible for a particular class/form (see units 175, 176) and corresponds on the whole to классный руководитель. In secondary schools form master/mistress is also used in specific cases. Form tutor has replaced the traditional form teacher/master/mistress in some comprehensive schools recently.

Subject teacher is used among teachers and educationists in cases where it is necessary to distinguish those who teach a particular subject from, for example, form teachers.

e.g. Subject teachers must enter pupils' marks in the mark book by December 12th, so that form teachers can write their reports. (See unit 238.)

Subject specialist is sometimes used in formal style, particularly by educationists and administrators.

As mentioned above, master/mistress tends to replace teacher in various expressions when one is referring to a particular case:

b.— The English mistress helped them with their pro nunciation for the play.

Schoolmaster/mistress is sometimes used to denote a member of the teaching profession, referring either to primary or secondary schools:

However, these expressions are much less common than school teacher, and rather old-fashioned. Hornby defines them as "teacher (esp. in a private school or old-fashioned grammar school)".

The teachers of a school or other educational establishment are often called collectively the (teaching) staff. The word teaching is superfluous in many cases. It is used only when it is necessary to distinguish the teaching staff from other kinds of staff, for example:

Since the teachers considerably outnumber the other people who work in the school, the word staff usually refers only to the teachers.

To be on the permanent staff can be translated as быть в штате. The opposite of permanent is temporary.

e.g. е. Any pupil wishing to leave the school premises during school hours must obtain permission from a member of staff.

Although staff is uncountable, it is sometimes treated as countable (though without -s) for convenience in everyday speech:

Staff meeting is used to denote a meeting of the teaching staff with the head teacher.

e.g. i. There's a staff meeting after school tomorrow. j. What was decided at the staff meeting?

or kindergarten teacher (see unit 5) учительница — (school) teacher

учительница по математике — maths teacher/master/mistress

учителя (одной школы) — the (teaching) staff классный руководитель — class/form teacher предметник — subject teacher/specialist педагогический совет — staff meeting

A person who teaches at a university is officially called a university teacher. However, such a teacher may be called a (university) lecturer by people not familiar with educational terminology, since the word teacher is associated in many people's minds with schools. Strictly speaking, however, a lecturer is only one type of university teacher, and this will be discussed in due course (see unit 157).

Within the university the teachers are called collectively the academic/teaching staff, to distinguish them from the administrative and other staff. Academic staff is a wider term than teaching staff, since it includes research staff (see unit 383). However, most university posts combine teaching with research.

The academic/teaching staff can be translated as профессорско-преподавательский состав. (Professors are also teachers.)

In everyday situations the academic/teaching staff are often referred to simply as the staff, in contrast to the students.

e.g. It is important to establish a good relationship between (the) staff and (the) students.

Note that in America the academic staff are called the faculty and an individual member a faculty member.

The number of professors in a department depends on its size and on how many branches the subject has. There may be only one, who is also the head of department (see unit 92) or several. However, they all have equal academic status.

If the name of the university is given, in or at are used, in being more formal.

e.g. John Smith is professor of English in the University of Leeds or... at Leeds University. (See unit 61.)

This grade exists in most, but not all English universities. It is not a large group; there may be only one reader in a department, and in some universities there are readers only in certain departments. It is difficult to see any logic in the system of readerships. In addition, the word reader in this sense may not be understood by those outside the university.

Reader is followed by in with the subject and in or at with the name of the university.

e.g. John Smith is reader in phonetics in the University of London or... at London University.

This is the largest group of teachers. They not only give lectures, but also take classes, seminars and tutorials (see units 274-276).

Lecturer is followed by in with the subject and in or at with the name of the university.

In less formal style one may say, for example: He's an English/history lecturer or He lectures in English/history.

Lecturers are subdivided in most universities into senior lecturers and lecturers. The senior lecturers form a smaller group than the ordinary lecturers. In some universities there is only one senior lecturer, the senior lecturer.

Another variation is the division into lecturers and junior/ assistant lecturers.

This is not a permanent member of staff, but a young visiting foreign teacher in a modern language department, usually appointed for one year to give conversation classes, etc. Thus a French department has a French assistant, a German department a German assistant, and so on.

The following words are also used with reference to university teachers, especially at Oxbridge:

This does not denote a specific grade of teacher. In practice it is used of any member of the academic staff. Journalists sometimes use it as a synonym for university teacher, since it is conveniently short, but otherwise its use is mainly confined to Oxbridge.

A fellow is a resident member of the academic staff of an Oxford or Cambridge college (see unit 29) who is also a member of the governing body and therefore has certain rights and privileges. Most members of staff are also fellows, but they do not become fellows automatically; they have to be elected by the other fellows. A fellowship is the position of fellow.

A member of a learned society is also called a fellow, for example, Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) (see unit 407).

Research fellows often do some teaching but their main activity is research (see unit 384).

At Oxford, a tutor is a member of staff who supervises students' work individually. Peter Bromhead describes the tutorial system as follows: "Apart from lectures (at which attend-

ance is not compulsory) teaching is by means of the tutorial system.... This is a system of individual tuition organised by the colleges. Each fellow in a college (see above — /. Р.) is tutor in his own subject to the undergraduates (see unit 188 — J. Р.) who are studying it. Each student goes to his tutor's room for an hour every week... to read out an essay which he and the tutor then discuss. A student does not necessarily go only to his own tutor in his own college for all his tutorials (this word being used as a noun to describe these weekly meetings). He may be assigned to another don (see above — J. Р.) in his own college or in another college when he is studying some particular topic which is outside the special interest of his own tutor. Nowadays, with the increased number of students, it is quite usual for two or more students to attend a tutorial together."

The same system exists at Cambridge, but the word supervisor is used instead of tutor.

At other universities and colleges tutor usually has one of the following meanings:

(1) someone like a tutor at Oxford, but in a modified form.
Professors, readers and lecturers hold tutorials in a partic
ular branch of the subject taught in their department for
students of a particular year, who attend in groups of about
five or six. This cannot be called a tutorial system, because
tutorials are not the main form of teaching.

(2) one of the teaching staff to whom students can go for
advice and help with general problems related to their studies
(for example, choice of courses, difficulty in keeping up with
their fellow-students) and also practical problems, such as
family matters, finding accommodation, and so on. Each
person who acts as a tutor has several students, but they do not
meet as a group, and those students with no problems have
little or no contact with their tutor.

162. It is difficult to find a general term for a teacher in a college or other non-university institution. College teacher is not usual. When filling in a form, such a teacher could either put simply teacher, or, for example, teacher in a college of education. The official term for a person who teaches in a technical college, college of technology or more specialised technical institution is teacher in a technical institution, but this is used only in very formal style. In conversation one may

say, if asked one's profession, " I teach at/in a technical college/ polytechnic/college of art and design", and so on.

Professors exist only at some polytechnics (see unit 46). In other institutions the head of department has the highest status, although this is really an administrative position.

Although the term lecturer usually implies that the teacher concerned gives lectures, this is not necessarily so. It depends on the institution and/or the subject taught.

163. Since there is no distinction of the English kind between university and non-university institutions in the Soviet Union, the same terms may be used in all higher educational establishments. In any case the two largest groups in both types of English establishment are lecturers and senior lecturers.

Профессор can be translated as professor. Note, however, that in the USA nearly all university and college teachers are called professors. The most senior is (full) professor, then associate professor, then assistant professor. (Only the lowest grade are not professors, but instructors.)

It is difficult to find a good set of translations for доцент, старший преподаватель and ассистент. One possibility is:

Конфликты в семейной жизни. Как это изменить? Редкий брак и взаимоотношения существуют без конфликтов и напряженности. Через это проходят все...

Что будет с Землей, если ось ее сместится на 6666 км? Что будет с Землей? - задался я вопросом...

ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ ВО ВЗРОСЛОЙ ЖИЗНИ? Если вы все еще «неправильно» связаны с матерью, вы избегаете отделения и независимого взрослого существования...

Что вызывает тренды на фондовых и товарных рынках Объяснение теории грузового поезда Первые 17 лет моих рыночных исследований сводились к попыткам вычислить, когда этот...

Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте: