Семинар, семинарское занятие — seminar

Консультация

This word is difficult to translate into English in an edu­cational context. If it denotes a regular meeting between a teacher and 1-5 students to discuss some topic they are studying, then the word tutorial can be used as an approximate translation. (See unit 276 above.)

e.g. а. давать консультацию — to give a tutorial e.g. b. У меня консультация. — I've got a tutorial.

In cases where tutorial is not appropriate, a paraphrase gen­erally has to be used.

e.g. с. У меня консультация. — I've got someone/a student coming to see me (about...)

d. давать консультацию — to help smb. with....;
to tell smb. about...; to answer some questions
about....

e. попросить консультацию — to ask someone's help
with...; to help one with...; to tell one something
about....

Although consultation is rarely used with reference to academic matters, the verb to consult sometimes occurs in this context.

e.g. f. You'd better consult Professor Brown about the historical aspect.

(Note that in English consult means "to ask for advice", not "to give advice",)

More often, however, consult, like consultation, tends to imply asking advice on practical rather than academic matters.

e-g- g- (Young graduate to head of department) — Pro­fessor Brown, I'd like to consult you about my appli­cation to do research.

h. (One teacher to another)— Why wasn't I con­sulted about the examination arrangements?

It is also used with reference to doctors and other professional people (to consult a doctor/lawyer).

There is nothing in English institutions corresponding to the type of консультация held before examinations. This type can only be approximately translated as, for example, pre-examination question session. If it is necessary to express the concept fully, one can describe it as a class/meeting to answer questions arising from revision (see unit 297).

XII. TYPES OF LESSON ACTIVITY AND LANGUAGE WORK

278. The usual types of lesson activity are listed below, to­
gether with the most common expressions related to them.
It is neither possible nor necessary to separate completely
school usage on the one hand from that of universities and
colleges on the other. Much of what follows can apply to any
type of institution, depending on the type of course and lev­
el of knowledge. Where clear-cut divergencies ex'st, they
will be indicated.

The following words are used in connection with various types of work and will therefore be dealt with first.

Oral, written

These two contrasting adjectives are used in the expres­sions oral/written work, work here being uncountable.

e.g. a. In the junior forms they do a lot of oral work but later more attention is paid to written work.

When speaking of, for example, a written exercise or transla­tion, or a composition, we call it a piece of (written) work.

e.g. b. This is a good piece of work.

Orally/in writing are the corresponding adverbials.

e.g. е. to do an exercise orally/in writing

In written form is possible but unusual, at least in conversa­tion.

Text

This has the same meaning as текст but in language work it tends to be confined to formal style, especially lectures and articles on methods of teaching. In conversation and in language textbooks passage is more usual (see below).

Passage

This is a piece of prose, verse, or even music, of indefi­nite length. It is usually not complete in itself, although it may be. For example, a teacher may write a passage to il­lustrate the use of a particular construction, tense, etc. Passage is often used in such expressions as:

a reading passage—a passage for reading, either complete in itself, or taken from a story or novel

a translation passage—a passage for translation

a comprehension passage—a passage followed by ques­tions, to test pupils'/students' understanding

If the passage is taken from a novel or story, it may be followed by from.

e.g. This is a passage from

"The Power and the Glory". Graham Greene.

With the name of the author, of may be used, e.g. a passage of Shakespeare

However, this is more common with the great writers of the past than with modern, lesser-known writers.

If a passage is taken from a novel or story, the word от­рывок may be used as a translation. However, текст is often more appropriate, since the concept of passage is not related to completeness or incompleteness.The latter idea is expressed in English by extract. In many cases where a Soviet teacher uses текст, his English counterpart tends to use not text but passage.

e.g. а. Переведите текст. — Translate the (following) pas­sage, b. хороший текст для перевода — a good passage

for translation or a good translation passage с. У вас есть текст? — Have you got a copy (of the passage)?

Passage should not be confused with paragraph ("абзац"). Here is an illustration of the usage of passage, extract and paragraph.

At the end of the lesson the teacher gives out some typed sheets and says:

— For homework I want you to translate this passage by Muriel Spark. It's an extract from "The Bachelors". But you can leave out the third paragraph, because it's too complicated.

At the next lesson he says:

— Have you all got a copy (of the passage)? Right, Jean, will you translate the first paragraph, please.

Reading

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