IX. BOOKS AND WRITING MATERIALS

Book

Remember that book is a general word which includes not only printed books ("книги") but also exercise books and notebooks ("тетради"). Thus when the teacher says at the be­ginning of the lesson: "You should have your books out ready for the lesson" he means all the books you use for this subject: textbook, reader, grammar book, all your exercise books. If he notices a pupil/student without a book he may say: "Where's your book?" meaning whichever book they are using at the moment, for example, textbook, reader, notebook, etc. During the lesson he may say: "Open your books at page 53" usually meaning textbook. If there is any ambiguity, the word textbook or reader must be used, or the title of the book.

e.g.— Open your "David Copperfield(s)" at page 35.

A pupil may say: "My book's full (up)'\ meaning exercise book, whichever is being used at the time. If the teacher forgets to tell the class what exercise book to do their homework in, someone may ask: "What book shall we do it in?" After sett ing homework, the teacher may say: "I've marked your books" and then say to one of the class: "Give the books out, please". Using the full name of the book in these and similar situations is not wrong, but sounds unnatural, since there is no need to be specific.

217. textbook

This corresponds in most cases to учебник or пособие. It contains the basic material for the study of a subject at a particular level. In the case of modern languages a textbook often consists of:

texts in the foreign language, often with notes ("коммен­тарий") and a vocabulary ("словарь"); Note- that commentary and dictionary are not used here.

lexical and grammatical explanations;

exercises (упражнения, задания);

a complete vocabulary of words used, at the back of the book.

218. course book

This expression is used by teachers, publishers and book­sellers in some cases instead of textbook, to specify that the book provides a complete course in the subject at a certain level.

e.g. (Teacher to colleague) — We need some more copies of the first-for т course book.

It is a technical term and not used in class.

Course may also be used without book in a similar way to the Russian курс in book titles.

e.g. a. An English Course for Scientists b. A First-Year French Course

Or it may be used of a book or a series of books, as in the fol­lowing example:

е. (Publisher) — We are publishing a new English course in three volumes, the first of which will be available in January 1983.

219. set book

Books which are on the syllabus (see unit 416), particu­larly for an examination, are often called set books.

e.g. a. (One pupil to another) — What are your (English) set books for this year? — "Macbeth", "Vanity Fair" and Keats' odes. b. (Teacher to class) — You must read your set books (through) again before the exam.

220. grammar (book)

This word presents no difficulty. It corresponds to the Russian грамматика.

221. book of exercises

This corresponds to сборник упражнений. It should not be confused with exercise book, which means "тетрадь" and is discussed in unit 225.

222. reader

This corresponds to книга для чтения, хрестоматия. It is a book designed to give pupils/students practice in reading a language, and consists of a series of stories, sometimes spe­cially written, or an abridged novel, with notes and a vocabu­lary.

223. reading book

This word has the same meaning, but usually denotes a book fot small children who are learning to read (in their own language).

224. reference book

This is used of any book which is not intended to be read from beginning to end, but only consulted. Reference books include dictionaries and encyclopedias.

Note that a dictionary is always a separate book. The word cannot be applied to a list of words at the end of a text or book (see unit 217).

225. exercise book

Exercise book is generally translated as тетрадь, although it is not quite such a general term, and notebook is more appropriate in some cases. The basic meaning is a book of a certain format for writing in, as opposed to a printed book. The surface area is more or less constant (approx 20х 16 cm),

but it may be either thick or thin. The normal thickness of school exercise books is about the same as that of an общая тетрадь, but there is no special word for this. One may dis­tinguish the following types of exercise books if necessary:

a thick/thin exercise book

a lined/ruled exercise book — the usual type in England ("тетрадь в линейку")

an unlinedlplain exercise book — sometimes used for maths and science (diagrams, etc.)

As mentioned above, exercise book is used when there is a need to distinguish a book for writing in from a printed book. For example, it is often used in shops,

e.g. a.— I'd like an exercise book, please.

— Yes? Thick or thin? Lined or unlined?

— Oh, medium thickness, lined, please.
b.— Have you got a very thick exercise book?

— How thick? Is this one thick enough?

— Yes, I think that'll do.

In schools it is used only in this general sense.

e.g. е. (Teacher to class) — Please write your name, form

and the subject on (the cover of) all your exercise books.

d. In this school children have two exercise books for

English, one for classwork and one for homework.

Notebook

A notebook is a book for making notes in. The format may be the same as an ordinary exercise book, or smaller. Note is used to specify the purpose for which the book is used.

In schools pupils may have notebooks, in addition to exercise books for written homework, etc. They have these notebooks for certain subjects in which they need to make notes, either from the teacher's dictation, from the board, or from books they read by themselves. These notes are made in a separate book from their other written work, for reference, and usually kept from one year to another. Whether the pupils have separate notebooks or not depends on the subject teacher. Examples are:

history notebook chemistry notebook English grammar notebook

On the cover of these notebooks children write, for example!

History Notebook English Grammar Notebook
°^r History Notes English Grammar Notes

Teachers also have a notebook, sometimes more than one, for making lesson notes in. They may call this their lesson note­book or simply their notebook. If it contains lists of forms taught and marks, it is usually called a mark book.

A homework notebook is a smaller notebook in which pu­pils of some schools make a note of what homework they are set each day. It should not be confused with the exercise book in which the pupils actually do their homework.

A vocabulary (note)book is a small notebook in which pupils/students write down new vocabulary ("тетрадь для записи слов"):

e.g. French vocabulary book

The teacher may say, for example: "Now write down the new

words in your vocabulary (note)books."

Schoolchildren often use the abbreviation vocab book.

Copy-book

The SOED defines this as: "a book containing copies of documents, accounts, etc. (now US); a book containing lines of writing for pupils to copy; also an exercise book."

The first meaning, as shown by the letters in brackets, is now specifically American. The second meaning corresponds to the Russian прописи. It could therefore be used for the book in which these lines of writing are printed, although the term is rarely, if ever, used in England now, even with small children. The exercise book into which children copy such sentences, either from books, cards, or the blackboard, is usually called a writing book ("тетрадь по чистописанию"), because in this book they practise writing. Expressions with calligraphy and penmanship are not used. These words are not used in schools at all, and are altogether rare. Writing or handwriting is used.

As shown by the third definition, the word copy-book can be a synonym for exercise book. However, this meaning is now archaic, and is not given in the latest edition of the COD. The word survives only in the metaphorical expression to blot one's copy-book, meaning to do something that will bring disapproval, especially from those in authority. However, this is not often used nowadays.

Graph book

This is an exercise book containing graph paper ("милли­метровая бумага"), for drawing graphs.

Manuscript book

This is a book containing manuscript paper, for writing down musical notes ("нотная тетрадь").

230. pad

A pad is a sort of exercise book where the sheets may be torn off at the top. It corresponds to блокнот. It may be used for:

letter-writing — a writing pad

making notes — a note pad

sketching — a sketch pad

EXERCISE BOOKS USED IN ENGLISH SCHOOLS

231. Schoolchildren in England usually have two types of
exercise book for each subject:

a rough book ("черновая тетрадь") a neat book ("чистовая тетрадь") sometimes called best book, or even fair book.

Rough book

A rough book is an exercise book in which schoolchildren do any work which is not to be given in for marking by the leacher, whether done in class or at home. This work is often done in pencil, and legibility is all that is expected. The teacher does not take these books in, and does not ask to see them at all, except in cases where it appears that work has not been done, or not properly done. Rough books are treated more or less as the pupils' own property, within reasonable limits.

Rough work may consist of exercises done in class and cor­rected immediately, notes made in class to be copied up later at home, rough translations, plans of compositions or essays, homework to be corrected by the pupils themselves at the next lesson, and so on.

On the covers of their rough books the pupils write their name, form and the subject, for example;

Susan Taylor, (Form) ЗА English Rough Book

Often school exercise books have the name of the school print­ed on the cover, and the following headings:

Name:..............................................

Form:...............................................

Subject:............................................

Sometimes children have only one rough book, which is used for rough work in all subjects. In that case it is called simply their rough book. The expression general rough book is also used in some schools, sometimes in the above sense, and sometimes to distinguish it from rough books for indi­vidual subjects. Sometimes the expression rough notebook is used in the sense of "rough book".

233. Rough is also used in the following expressions:

rough work (see above)

rough homework — homework done in a rough book, or on rough paper

To do smth in rough

To make rough notes

a rough translation ("рабочий перевод") — either a trans­lation in rough, or an approximate translation

A rough copy

This should be used only when something is being copied and not, for example, for a composition or exercise. Here rough version or to do smth. in rough is more appropriate.

a rough version ("черновой вариант")

A rough draft

This is used mainly of letters, contracts, treaties, books, etc. It is not generally used in teaching.

Neat/best/fair book

This is an exercise book in which the pupils do work which is to be given in and marked by the teacher. It may be either classwork or homework, although it is more often homework. It must be in ink (ball-point pens are also usually accepted now) and not only legible, but neatly written and set out. (More will be said about setting work out in units 309-316.)

On the cover of these books the children write, for exam­ple:

David Bridges, 4B French Neat Book

Neat book is clearer than best book, because the words neat and neatly are often used in schools in such sentences as:

a. Jeans work is very neat.

b. You must write more neatly.

Fair book does not appear to be widely used. 235. Neat, best and fair are also used in the expressions:

Neat/best (home)work

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