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The Diploma in Art and Design,the Ordinary/Higher National Certificate — in technical subjects In those colleges with higher education courses there are also degree examinations. These differ from university degree examinations in that they are not conducted by the institu- tions themselves, but by a central body called the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA), which was set up to award degrees to" students of non-university institutions. Examinations for any of the above qualifications can also be called final examinations, since they are taken at the end of the course. IN THE SOVIET UNION 343. аттестат зрелости This is beet translated as school-leaving certificate. Note that to leave (school) is sometimes the most appropriate translation of окончить (школу). e.g. a. / left school in 1970. (Я окончила школу в 1970 году.)
(После окончания школы...) Leave does not specify the passing of an examination, but this may be implied. There is no English equivalent to окончить школу because there is no single examination which all school-leavers take (see unit 340). Besides, pupils take different numbers and combinations of subjects, according to their choice and ability. In situations where the passing of the school-leaving examination is the central idea, one can say, for example: — / passed/took my school-leaving certificate in 1970. To finish is not used in the sense of "окончить" and graduate applies only to higher education, at least in British English (see unit 369). 344. сессия When the word refers to the examinations themselves, as, for example, in the sentence У студентов сейчас сессия, one may use:
mid-sessional examinations —formal style
Mid-sessionals Winter exam(ination)s
Sessional examinations
Sessionals Summer exam(ination)s in January Государственный экзамен Final or degree examination seems to be the best translation. The loan translation state examination is possible among Soviet teachers and students, but it does not make it clear that this is the final exam, and is unlikely to be properly understood by English people. XV. MARKING 346. mark (v & п), marking (п) The verb mark in the context of written work means "to put marks" meaning ticks, crosses, underlining, and other signs showing that something is right or wrong (cf. to mark smth. right/wrong) and often also "to put a mark (in the sense of оценка) at the end". It is used in such sentences as: e.g. a. (Teacher to class) — I've marked your homework/ translations/books. b. — Give in your books to be marked/for marking. e. (One teacher to another) — / must mark these exam d. — It took me all evening to mark the 4th-year essays. Sometimes pupils/students mark their own work in class (see unit 269). Marking is used either of the act or process of marking. e.g. е. — Give in your books for marking. f. — / spend a lot of time on marking. g. — I've got (such) a lot of marking (to do). To mark and marking here clearly correspond to проверять, проверка. The noun mark in this context corresponds to оценка. (The forms which these marks take in England are described in units 354—357.) We use the expressions to give/ put a mark. Give may mean orally or in writing, whereas put is only in writing ("поставить оценку"). Other expressions used with the noun mark are: To give/have/get a high/good/low/poor/bad mark (for smth.)
full marks = the maximum half marks to award/deduct marks — formal style
To give marks to take marks off Speaking of a teacher, one may say that he is: a strict marker or that he marks strictly. stiff stiffly —colloquial Lenient leniently 347. to correct (v) The basic meaning of the verb to correct is "to set right, amend" (SOED). If a teacher corrects written work in this sense, it means crossing out or underlining mistakes and writing in the correct version. e.g. (Teacher to pupil) — You've made so many mistakes that I couldn't correct them all. Often, however, correct is used of teachers in practically the same sense as mark (see unit 346 above) and corresponds to проверять. e.g. a. (Teacher to class) — I've corrected your homework/ compositions. b. (One teacher to another) — / must correct these books by tomorrow. When pupils/students correct written work, it may mean: (1) the same as mark, that is, they do not give in the work for (2) correcting their mistakes after the teacher has marked the To go through/over To go through is often used when pupils/students do work at home or in class which is not given in for marking but marked in class by the pupils/students themselves. e.g. to go through the homework/an exercise/translation, etc. Going through work of this kind usually consists of the teacher reading out the questions, or sentences to be translated or written down, giving the correct answers (or asking the class to give them) and commenting on variations and mistakes. Expressions used in this process are given in unit 269. To go through may also be used of work which has already been marked by the teacher, in which case it means just giving the correct answers and commenting on how the work was done. However, to go over is more often used in this sense (see also unit 269). 349. to check (up) The meaning of to check is quite distinct from to correct and to mark as defined above. It means "to make sure, to find out definitely". e.g. a. (Teacher to class) — / think the exercise is on page 85 but I'll (just) check (up). b. — / must check the number of the exercise. е. — Please go and check which room we're in, John.
who is absent.
that everyone is here. that you've all done your homework e. — I've marked your books, but I want to check the marks before 1 give them back. f. (Teacher at a written test or examination) — meaning read them through and make sure that you haven't made any careless mistakes To check should not be used as a translation of проверять in such expressions as проверять тетради/работу/домашнее задание, Sentences such as */ want to check up your homework are un-English. 350. assess, assessment To assess is used in the sense of "оценивать". e.g. a. Students' progress is assessed jointly on their term marks and their examination results. b ft is difficult to assess this type of work. Assessment is used in such sentences as: е. We must make an objective assessment of his capabilities. Some colleges in England have a system of continuous assessment. This means that there are no examinations and the student's final mark is an average of the marks for all the work he has done during his course. To evaluate, evaluation These words are sometimes used in the same sense as to assess, assessment, as defined above. For example, they could be used in sentences (a)—(е) in the previous unit. To estimate This generally refers to the future, and therefore has a different meaning from to assess and to evaluate. e.g. to estimate a person's progress/chances of success = to predict what progress he will make, what chance he has. to give an estimate of someone's performance in an examination = to predict what mark he is likely to get MARKING SYSTEMS IN ENGLAND 353. There are various systems of marking in England, the Marking out of ten This involves using a ten-point scale, sometimes even a twenty-point scale. The maximum is ten, and the marks go down, usually by halves, to a minimum of nought, as follows:
These marks are often written in the following way:
They are read as: ten out of ten, nine and a half out of ten, nine out of ten... nought out of ten. The minimum satisfactory mark is usually five, that is, half marks. Thus five, which in the Soviet Union is the top mark, in England is only just satisfactory, the average being six or seven. This system is used for majking straightforward work which is easy to assess numerically, for example, sums, exercises, answering a series of simple questions, translating a series of simple sentences. The teacher sets, for example, ten sums, ten questions to answer, or ten sentences to translate, and each answer is marked right, half right, or wrong, giving a possible whole mark for each right answer and half a mark for each half-right answer. Marking out of ten is widely practised in schools, particularly in the junior forms, but not in colleges and universities. 355. Marking in percentages In England school examinations (see unit 340) are usually marked out of a hundred, so that the results are given as percentages. The maximum is 100% and the minimum 0%, although it is very rare for anyone to get either of these marks. Marks generally range from about 85% to about 20%. In the junior forms there are sometimes higher marks, because the amount of material is limited and the questions are relatively simple. The pass mark is usually 50% in the lower forms and 40-45% in the higher forms. These percentages correspond more or less to the marks out of ten given earlier, that is: 100% =10; 95% =912;90% =9 and so on. Grades In traditional British English a grade is a mark which indicates a certain degree of quality or achievement, in contrast to one which represents a total number of positive points awarded (see units 354, 355). Grades can be expressed in either letters or figures, although letters are the most usual. A or / is the highest grade, and DIE or 4/5 the lowest. Some institutions, mainly public schools and older universities, use the Greek letters Grades are generally preferred to the numerical systems described in the two previous units for more complex work such as passages of translation and essays, which is difficult to divide into a certain number of points to be marked right or wrong. It is an assessment of the work as a whole rather than a statement of how much of it is right and how much wrong. It is thus closer to the Soviet system than is marking out of ten or a hundred. Marking in grades is the usual system in the senior forms of schools and in universities and colleges. Public examination results (see unit 340) are often given in grades, from A to DIE, or from 1 to 4/5, although the marking may be done in percentages first. University sessionals (see unit 341) and many college examinations are also marked in grades. The degree examinations are an exception. The individual papers are given grades, but the final results are given in classes (see unit 357). In American English grade is used as a general term corresponding to British English mark ("оценка") and this use can sometimes be heard in Britain too. Classes (of degree) In Britain degrees are awarded in classes, as follows: class 1—a first class degree (the highest class), usually called a first in everyday speech. A double first is a degree awarded to those who have studied two subjects to an equally high standard and got a first in both. (This is possible only at some universities.) class 2—a second class degree, or a second Second class degrees are usually subdivided into:   ЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТ, КОГДА МЫ ССОРИМСЯ Не понимая различий, существующих между мужчинами и женщинами, очень легко довести дело до ссоры...  Конфликты в семейной жизни. Как это изменить? Редкий брак и взаимоотношения существуют без конфликтов и напряженности. Через это проходят все...  ЧТО И КАК ПИСАЛИ О МОДЕ В ЖУРНАЛАХ НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА Первый номер журнала «Аполлон» за 1909 г. начинался, по сути, с программного заявления редакции журнала...  Система охраняемых территорий в США Изучение особо охраняемых природных территорий(ООПТ) США представляет особый интерес по многим причинам... Не нашли то, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском гугл на сайте:
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, etc. Plus or minus can be added to the letters for further differentiation, as follows: A, A —, B+, В, В —, C+, С, С —, D, (Е). These are read as: A, A minus, В plus, В, В minus, and so on. В is average, and С + or below is usually considered less than satisfactory.