Специальная (английская, немецкая и т. д.) школа, школа с математическим уклоном и т. д.

There are no schools of this type in England. The expres­sion special school exists, but has a different meaning (see unit 19.) and its use as a translation of the Soviet term could lead to misunderstanding. It is possible to say, for example: a special English/German/mathematics school, since these are obviously not for the handicapped, but such translations may not be clear to English people. The clearest translation is:

specialising

a school which specialises in English/German, etc.

where they specialise

An English/German language school is another possibility, al­though not so clear.

If a general term is needed, to denote any специальная школа, a specialised school is probably the best translation.

Russian speakers may use the expressions an English/ German/French school for convenience among themselves, but they should bear in mind that to an English person this may suggest a school run by teachers of the country concerned, or a school in that country.

Школа-интернат

This can be translated as boarding school. Remember, how­ever, that English boarding schools are mainly private, and that at most of them pupils go home only for holidays, not at weekends. Weekly boarding school can be used in cases where it is important that pupils go home at weekends. Such pupils can be called weekly boarders.

FURTHER AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN BRITAIN

27. Further education may be used in a general sense to cover
all post-school education. In practice, however, it has more
often denoted education after school except in universities
and colleges of education (see unit 38), that is, in technical
colleges, colleges of art, and various other institutions which
will be dealt with in due course (see units 39-49). These were
regarded as further educational institutions, in contrast to
universities and colleges of education, which were classed as
higher educational institutions, because they awarded degrees.

During recent years, however, the distinction between fur­ther and higher educational institutions has become less clear-cut. The reason for this is that institutions other than univer­sities and colleges of education, particularly the newly-formed polytechnics (see unit 46) now have higher educational courses, leading to a degree. In addition, the colleges of educa­tion are now tending to merge with polytechnics or other in­stitutions to become more general colleges (see unit 39). As a result only the universities are now entirely higher education­al institutions. With regard to polytechnics and other insti­tutions offering both degree and non-degree courses, the words further and higher are more appropriate to the courses than to the institutions as a whole.

As well as the terms higher/further educational institution, the following are used:

higher/further education(al) establishment institution of higher / further education

The letters НЕЕ, which stand for higher educational establish­ment, are sometimes used in written English to save space. All these terms are characteristic of formal style. In less formal situations universities and colleges is often used as a collective expression denoting all post-school institutions, since most of these are called one or the other.

e.g. Universities and colleges have shorter terms than schools.

Universities

28. British universities are independent, self-governing insti­tutions. Although they all receive considerable financial sup­port from the state (about 75 per cent of their incomes is now provided by government grants), the Dept of Education & Science has no control over their regulations, curriculum, examinations, appointment of staff, or the way in which government money is spent. This money is allocated by the DES on the advice of the University Grants Com­mittee, a body appointed by the Secretary of State (see unit 1) to act as a link between the government and the uni­versities.

The universities discuss matters of common interest and express their views on these matters through the Committee of Vice-Chancellors (see unit 76).

British universities are generally divided into the follow­ing groups:

Oxford and Cambridge

These two universities, founded in the Middle Ages, are the oldest in Britain, and were the only universities in Eng­land until the early nineteenth century. They each consist of a number of residential colleges, founded at different times, most of them for men, but a few (of later foundation) for women. Each college has its own building, its own internal organisation, its own staff and students. Teaching, except for lectures, takes place in the college, but students of all colleges take the same final examinations. Peter Bromhead in his LIFE IN MODERN BRITAIN describes these univer­sities as "a sort of federation of colleges. It prescribes syllabus­es, arranges lectures, conducts examinations and awards de­grees, but there is no single building which can be called the university".

As Oxford and Cambridge have much in common, they are often referred to collectively for convenience as Oxbridge.

Note that the word order Oxford and Cambridge is fixed and should not be reversed.

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