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The older/ancient Scottish universitiesThese were founded in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Being products of the Renaissance, they take their traditions from the continental universities. They are the universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St. Andrews. London University London University was established in 1836 by the union of two colleges: University College (founded 1827) and King's College (1831); later many other colleges, schools and institutes (see units 394, 402, 414) were added, and London University is now the largest in Britain. It is the only university which awards external degrees (see unit 96). The University of Wales This is a university consisting of several university colleges, the first of which, at Bangor, Cardiff and Aberystwyth, were founded in the late nineteenth centuty. The civic universities Most of these were founded in the 19th century as university colleges (see unit 394, meaning 5) and prepared students for external degrees of London University. Later they became universities in their own right. There are twelve of them: Birmingham Leeds Nottingham Bristol Leicester Reading Exeter Liverpool Sheffield Hull Manchester Southampton The word civic here means "городской". These universities were founded to serve the needs of their city and the surrounding area, in contrast to Oxford, Cambridge and London, which took students from all over the country. Now that all universities take students from all over the country, the word has lost its original significance. The civic universities are still sometimes called red-brick universities, because red brick was characteristic of their original buildings, in contrast to the grey stone of Oxford, Cambridge and London. Note, however, that this is not an official term, and has a derogatory connotation, implying something inferior to Oxford and Cambridge. In addition, its original significance has gradually been lost, because many of the civic universities have moved into new buildings of concrete and plate glass. The use of this expression is therefore not to be recommended now. The new universities The first of these was Keele University (in Staffordshire), founded in 1948. Then in 1961 seven new universities were approved. They are the universities of: East Anglia Sussex Essex Warwick Kent York These universities are also new in their structure (see unit 80) and courses. They offer many general, inter-disciplinary courses (that is, courses combining the study of several subjects), in contrast to the more specialised courses typical of the older universities. The technological universities Founded as technical colleges in the 19th century, they became colleges of advanced technology (see unit 42) in 1956, and received full university status in 1965. Among them are: the University of Aston (in Birmingham) Bath University of Technology Brunel (see unit 61) the City University, in the City of London The Open University This was founded in 1969 to cater for those people who for some reason are unable to enter any of the other universities, especially those above normal student age. Teaching is mainly by correspondence courses, supplemented by special radio and television programmes. There is also a network of 260 study centres all over the country, and summer schools are held at other universities. Colleges 37. In the previous section it was mentioned that some universities consist of a number of colleges. This is only one of The main types of college in this sense are as follows: College of education These colleges were called teacher training colleges until 1964, and the latter term is still used by some people, mainly those who are neither teachers nor students. This is either because they do not know the new name, or because they know it but are not used to it. (The old name has the advantage of being self-explanatory.) Colleges of education train teachers for posts in primary schools, and for the less specialised and less advanced posts in secondary schools, other posts being occupied by university-trained teachers. Until the beginning of the 1970s there were many colleges of education, situated all over the country. In 1972, however, the government published a White Paper entitled EDUCATION: A FRAMEWORK FOR EXPANSION, containing proposals that are radically altering the traditional pattern of teacher training. According to Barbara Priestley, in BRITISH QUALIFICATIONS, 1977, "the present trend is for the colleges of education to merge with polytechnics and other further education colleges to create single institutions providing a wide range of courses; other colleges, while remaining separate, are now offering a choice of higher education courses, whilst some will continue to be concerned solely or mainly with teacher training." College of higher education This is a new type of college, introduced after 1972, and formed by mergers of colleges of education and further education colleges, as described in unit 27 and 38.   Что способствует осуществлению желаний? Стопроцентная, непоколебимая уверенность в своем...  ЧТО ТАКОЕ УВЕРЕННОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ В МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ? Исторически существует три основных модели различий, существующих между...  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University, in Uxbridge, Middlesex