The older/ancient Scottish universities

These were founded in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Being products of the Renaissance, they take their traditions from the continental universities. They are the universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St. Andrews.

London University

London University was established in 1836 by the union of two colleges: University College (founded 1827) and King's College (1831); later many other colleges, schools and insti­tutes (see units 394, 402, 414) were added, and London Uni­versity is now the largest in Britain. It is the only univer­sity which awards external degrees (see unit 96).

The University of Wales

This is a university consisting of several university col­leges, the first of which, at Bangor, Cardiff and Aberystwyth, were founded in the late nineteenth centuty.

The civic universities

Most of these were founded in the 19th century as univer­sity colleges (see unit 394, meaning 5) and prepared students for external degrees of London University. Later they became

universities in their own right. There are twelve of them:

Birmingham Leeds Nottingham

Bristol Leicester Reading

Exeter Liverpool Sheffield

Hull Manchester Southampton

The word civic here means "городской". These universities were founded to serve the needs of their city and the surround­ing area, in contrast to Oxford, Cambridge and London, which took students from all over the country. Now that all universities take students from all over the country, the word has lost its original significance.

The civic universities are still sometimes called red-brick universities, because red brick was characteristic of their orig­inal buildings, in contrast to the grey stone of Oxford, Camb­ridge and London. Note, however, that this is not an official term, and has a derogatory connotation, implying something inferior to Oxford and Cambridge. In addition, its original significance has gradually been lost, because many of the civic universities have moved into new buildings of concrete and plate glass. The use of this expression is therefore not to be recommended now.

The new universities

The first of these was Keele University (in Staffordshire), founded in 1948. Then in 1961 seven new universities were ap­proved. They are the universities of:

East Anglia Sussex

Essex Warwick

Kent York
Lancaster

These universities are also new in their structure (see unit 80) and courses. They offer many general, inter-discipli­nary courses (that is, courses combining the study of several subjects), in contrast to the more specialised courses typical of the older universities.

The technological universities

Founded as technical colleges in the 19th century, they became colleges of advanced technology (see unit 42) in 1956, and received full university status in 1965. Among them are:

the University of Aston (in Birmingham)

Bath University of Technology

Brunel University, in Uxbridge, Middlesex

(see unit 61)

the City University, in the City of London

The Open University

This was founded in 1969 to cater for those people who for some reason are unable to enter any of the other univer­sities, especially those above normal student age. Teaching is mainly by correspondence courses, supplemented by special radio and television programmes. There is also a network of 260 study centres all over the country, and summer schools are held at other universities.

Colleges

37. In the previous section it was mentioned that some uni­versities consist of a number of colleges. This is only one of
the meanings of college. (The word is treated fully in unit
394.) More often a college is not part of a university, but
a separate institution. Whereas a university aims at giving
an academic education, and is mainly non-vocational, a col­
lege education is in most cases less academic, more practical,
and usually vocational. Most colleges are state colleges, built
and maintained by the local education authority (those listed
in units 38-46), but there are also private colleges,

The main types of college in this sense are as follows:

College of education

These colleges were called teacher training colleges until 1964, and the latter term is still used by some people, mainly those who are neither teachers nor students. This is either because they do not know the new name, or because they know it but are not used to it. (The old name has the advan­tage of being self-explanatory.)

Colleges of education train teachers for posts in primary schools, and for the less specialised and less advanced posts in secondary schools, other posts being occupied by universi­ty-trained teachers.

Until the beginning of the 1970s there were many colleges of education, situated all over the country. In 1972, however, the government published a White Paper entitled EDUCATION: A FRAMEWORK FOR EXPANSION, containing proposals that are radically altering the traditional pattern of teacher training. According to Barbara Priestley, in BRITISH QUALIFICATIONS, 1977, "the present trend is for the colleges of education to merge with

polytechnics and other further education colleges to create single institutions providing a wide range of courses; other colleges, while remaining separate, are now offering a choice of higher education courses, whilst some will continue to be concerned solely or mainly with teacher training."

College of higher education

This is a new type of college, introduced after 1972, and formed by mergers of colleges of education and further educa­tion colleges, as described in unit 27 and 38.

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